PGT Training now functioning. Run run_pgt_train.py to train the model.

run_attribution.py

@@ -3,26 +3,41 @@ from ultralytics import YOLOv10, YOLO
 # from ultralytics import BaseTrainer
 # from ultralytics.engine.trainer import BaseTrainer
 import os
+from ultralytics.models.yolo.segment import PGTSegmentationTrainer
+
 
 # Set CUDA device (only needed for multi-gpu machines) 
 os.environ["CUDA_DEVICE_ORDER"] = "PCI_BUS_ID" 
 os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = "4" 
 
 # model = YOLOv10()
+# model = YOLO('yolov8n-seg.yaml').load('yolov8n.pt')  # build from YAML and transfer weights
+
 # model = YOLO()
 # If you want to finetune the model with pretrained weights, you could load the 
 # pretrained weights like below
 # model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
 # or
 # wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
-model = YOLOv10('yolov10n.pt')
+model = YOLOv10('yolov10n.pt', task='segment')
 
-model.train(data='coco.yaml', 
+args = dict(model='yolov10n.pt', data='coco128-seg.yaml')
-            trainer=model._smart_load("pgt_trainer"), # This is needed to generate attributions (will be used later to train via PGT)
+trainer = PGTSegmentationTrainer(overrides=args)
-            # Add return_images as input parameter
+trainer.train(
-            epochs=500, batch=16, imgsz=640,
+            # debug=True, 
-            debug=True, # If debug = True, the attributions will be saved in the figures folder
+            #   args = dict(pgt_coeff=0.1),
-            )
+              )
+
+# model.train(
+#             # data='coco.yaml', 
+#             data='coco128-seg.yaml', 
+#             trainer=model._smart_load("pgt_trainer"), # This is needed to generate attributions (will be used later to train via PGT)
+#             # Add return_images as input parameter
+#             epochs=500, batch=16, imgsz=640,
+#             debug=True, # If debug = True, the attributions will be saved in the figures folder
+#             # cfg='/home/nielseni6/PythonScripts/yolov10/ultralytics/cfg/models/v8/yolov8-seg.yaml',
+#             # overrides=dict(task="segment"),
+#             )
 
 # Save the trained model
 model.save('yolov10_coco_trained.pt')

run_pgt_train.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from ultralytics import YOLOv10, YOLO
+# from ultralytics.engine.pgt_trainer import PGTTrainer
+import os
+from ultralytics.models.yolo.segment import PGTSegmentationTrainer
+import argparse
+
+
+def main(args):
+  # model = YOLOv10()
+
+  # If you want to finetune the model with pretrained weights, you could load the 
+  # pretrained weights like below
+  # model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
+  # or
+  # wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
+  model = YOLOv10('yolov10n.pt', task='segment')
+
+  args = dict(model='yolov10n.pt', data='coco.yaml', 
+              epochs=args.epochs, batch=args.batch_size,
+              # cfg = 'pgt_train.yaml', # This can be edited for full control of the training process
+              )
+  trainer = PGTSegmentationTrainer(overrides=args)
+  trainer.train(
+        # debug=True, 
+        #   args = dict(pgt_coeff=0.1), # Should add later to config
+          )
+
+  # Save the trained model
+  model.save('yolov10_coco_trained.pt')
+
+  # Evaluate the model on the validation set
+  results = model.val(data='coco.yaml')
+
+  # Print the evaluation results
+  print(results)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Train YOLOv10 model with PGT segmentation.')
+  parser.add_argument('--device', type=str, default='0', help='CUDA device number')
+  parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, default=128, help='Batch size for training')
+  parser.add_argument('--epochs', type=int, default=100, help='Number of epochs for training')
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  # Set CUDA device (only needed for multi-gpu machines)
+  os.environ["CUDA_DEVICE_ORDER"] = "PCI_BUS_ID"
+  os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = args.device
+  main(args)

ultralytics/engine/model.py

@@ -656,7 +656,10 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
                     pass
 
         self.trainer.hub_session = self.session  # attach optional HUB session
-        self.trainer.train(debug=debug)
+        if debug:
+            self.trainer.train(debug=debug)
+        else:
+            self.trainer.train()
         # Update model and cfg after training
         if RANK in (-1, 0):
             ckpt = self.trainer.best if self.trainer.best.exists() else self.trainer.last

ultralytics/engine/pgt_trainer.py

@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import (
     strip_optimizer,
 )
 
-
+from ultralytics.utils.loss import v8DetectionLoss
+from ultralytics.utils.plaus_functs import get_dist_reg, plaus_loss_fn
+import matplotlib.path as matplotlib_path
 class PGTTrainer:
     """
     BaseTrainer.
@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@ class PGTTrainer:
         self.loss_names = ["Loss"]
         self.csv = self.save_dir / "results.csv"
         self.plot_idx = [0, 1, 2]
+        self.num = int(time.time())
 
         # Callbacks
         self.callbacks = _callbacks or callbacks.get_default_callbacks()
@@ -383,36 +386,87 @@ class PGTTrainer:
                     batch = self.preprocess_batch(batch)
                     (self.loss, self.loss_items), images = self.model(batch, return_images=True)
 
-                    if debug and (i % 250):
+                # smask = get_dist_reg(images, batch['masks'])
-                        grad = torch.autograd.grad(self.loss, images, create_graph=True)[0]
+
+                # grad = torch.autograd.grad(self.loss, images, retain_graph=True)[0]
+                # grad = torch.abs(grad)
+
+                # self.args.pgt_coeff = 1.1
+                # plaus_loss = plaus_loss_fn(grad, smask, self.args.pgt_coeff)
+                # self.loss_items = torch.cat((self.loss_items, plaus_loss.unsqueeze(0)))
+                # self.loss += plaus_loss
+
+                debug_ = debug
+                if debug_ and (i % 25 == 0):
+                    debug_ = False
+                    # Create a tensor of zeros with the same size as images
+                    mask = torch.zeros_like(images, dtype=torch.float32)
+                    smask = get_dist_reg(images, batch['masks'])
+                    grad = torch.autograd.grad(self.loss, images, retain_graph=True)[0]
+                    grad = torch.abs(grad)
+
+                    batch_size = images.shape[0]
+                    imgsz = torch.tensor(batch['resized_shape'][0]).to(self.device)
+                    targets = torch.cat((batch["batch_idx"].view(-1, 1), batch["cls"].view(-1, 1), batch["bboxes"]), 1)
+                    targets = v8DetectionLoss.preprocess(self, targets=targets.to(self.device), batch_size=batch_size, scale_tensor=imgsz[[1, 0, 1, 0]])
+                    gt_labels, gt_bboxes = targets.split((1, 4), 2)  # cls, xyxy
+                    mask_gt = gt_bboxes.sum(2, keepdim=True).gt_(0)
+                    
+                    # Iterate over each bounding box and set the corresponding pixels to 1
+                    for irx, bboxes in enumerate(gt_bboxes):
+                        for idx in range(len(bboxes)):
+                            x1, y1, x2, y2 = bboxes[idx]
+                            x1, y1, x2, y2 = int(torch.round(x1)), int(torch.round(y1)), int(torch.round(x2)), int(torch.round(y2))
+                            mask[irx, :, y1:y2, x1:x2] = 1.0
+
+                    save_imgs = True
+                    if save_imgs:
                         # Convert tensors to numpy arrays
                         images_np = images.detach().cpu().numpy().transpose(0, 2, 3, 1)
                         grad_np = grad.detach().cpu().numpy().transpose(0, 2, 3, 1)
+                        mask_np = mask.detach().cpu().numpy().transpose(0, 2, 3, 1)
+                        seg_mask_np = smask.detach().cpu().numpy().transpose(0, 2, 3, 1)
 
                         # Normalize grad for visualization
                         grad_np = (grad_np - grad_np.min()) / (grad_np.max() - grad_np.min())
                         
                         for ix in range(images_np.shape[0]):
-                            fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(15, 5))
+                            fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 6, figsize=(30, 5))
-                            ax[0].imshow(images_np[i])
+                            ax[0].imshow(images_np[ix])
                             ax[0].set_title('Image')
-                            ax[1].imshow(grad_np[i], cmap='jet')
+                            ax[1].imshow(grad_np[ix], cmap='jet')
                             ax[1].set_title('Gradient')
-                            ax[2].imshow(images_np[i])
+                            ax[2].imshow(images_np[ix])
-                            ax[2].imshow(grad_np[i], cmap='jet', alpha=0.5)
+                            ax[2].imshow(grad_np[ix], cmap='jet', alpha=0.5)
                             ax[2].set_title('Overlay')
+                            ax[3].imshow(mask_np[ix], cmap='gray')
+                            ax[3].set_title('Mask')
+                            ax[4].imshow(seg_mask_np[ix], cmap='gray')
+                            ax[4].set_title('Segmentation Mask')
                             
-                            save_dir_attr = "figures/attributions"
+                            # Plot image with bounding boxes
+                            ax[5].imshow(images_np[ix])
+                            for bbox, cls in zip(gt_bboxes[ix], gt_labels[ix]):
+                                x1, y1, x2, y2 = bbox
+                                x1, y1, x2, y2 = int(torch.round(x1)), int(torch.round(y1)), int(torch.round(x2)), int(torch.round(y2))
+                                rect = plt.Rectangle((x1, y1), x2 - x1, y2 - y1, fill=False, edgecolor=np.random.rand(3,), linewidth=2)
+                                ax[5].add_patch(rect)
+                                ax[5].text(x1, y1, f'{int(cls)}', color='white', fontsize=12, bbox=dict(facecolor='black', alpha=0.5))
+                            ax[5].set_title('Bounding Boxes')
+
+                            save_dir_attr = f"figures/attributions/run{self.num}"
                             if not os.path.exists(save_dir_attr):
                                 os.makedirs(save_dir_attr)
                             plt.savefig(f'{save_dir_attr}/debug_epoch_{epoch}_batch_{i}_image_{ix}.png')
                             plt.close(fig)
+                    images = images.detach()
                 
-                    if RANK != -1:
+                
-                        self.loss *= world_size
+                if RANK != -1:
-                    self.tloss = (
+                    self.loss *= world_size
-                        (self.tloss * i + self.loss_items) / (i + 1) if self.tloss is not None else self.loss_items
+                self.tloss = (
-                    )
+                    (self.tloss * i + self.loss_items) / (i + 1) if self.tloss is not None else self.loss_items
+                )
 
                 # Backward
                 self.scaler.scale(self.loss).backward()

ultralytics/engine/pgt_validator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
+"""
+Check a model's accuracy on a test or val split of a dataset.
+
+Usage:
+    $ yolo mode=val model=yolov8n.pt data=coco128.yaml imgsz=640
+
+Usage - formats:
+    $ yolo mode=val model=yolov8n.pt                 # PyTorch
+                          yolov8n.torchscript        # TorchScript
+                          yolov8n.onnx               # ONNX Runtime or OpenCV DNN with dnn=True
+                          yolov8n_openvino_model     # OpenVINO
+                          yolov8n.engine             # TensorRT
+                          yolov8n.mlpackage          # CoreML (macOS-only)
+                          yolov8n_saved_model        # TensorFlow SavedModel
+                          yolov8n.pb                 # TensorFlow GraphDef
+                          yolov8n.tflite             # TensorFlow Lite
+                          yolov8n_edgetpu.tflite     # TensorFlow Edge TPU
+                          yolov8n_paddle_model       # PaddlePaddle
+                          yolov8n_ncnn_model         # NCNN
+"""
+
+import json
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from ultralytics.cfg import get_cfg, get_save_dir
+from ultralytics.data.utils import check_cls_dataset, check_det_dataset
+from ultralytics.nn.autobackend import AutoBackend
+from ultralytics.utils import LOGGER, TQDM, callbacks, colorstr, emojis
+from ultralytics.utils.checks import check_imgsz
+from ultralytics.utils.ops import Profile
+from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import de_parallel, select_device, smart_inference_mode
+
+
+class PGTValidator:
+    """
+    BaseValidator.
+
+    A base class for creating validators.
+
+    Attributes:
+        args (SimpleNamespace): Configuration for the validator.
+        dataloader (DataLoader): Dataloader to use for validation.
+        pbar (tqdm): Progress bar to update during validation.
+        model (nn.Module): Model to validate.
+        data (dict): Data dictionary.
+        device (torch.device): Device to use for validation.
+        batch_i (int): Current batch index.
+        training (bool): Whether the model is in training mode.
+        names (dict): Class names.
+        seen: Records the number of images seen so far during validation.
+        stats: Placeholder for statistics during validation.
+        confusion_matrix: Placeholder for a confusion matrix.
+        nc: Number of classes.
+        iouv: (torch.Tensor): IoU thresholds from 0.50 to 0.95 in spaces of 0.05.
+        jdict (dict): Dictionary to store JSON validation results.
+        speed (dict): Dictionary with keys 'preprocess', 'inference', 'loss', 'postprocess' and their respective
+                      batch processing times in milliseconds.
+        save_dir (Path): Directory to save results.
+        plots (dict): Dictionary to store plots for visualization.
+        callbacks (dict): Dictionary to store various callback functions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dataloader=None, save_dir=None, pbar=None, args=None, _callbacks=None):
+        """
+        Initializes a BaseValidator instance.
+
+        Args:
+            dataloader (torch.utils.data.DataLoader): Dataloader to be used for validation.
+            save_dir (Path, optional): Directory to save results.
+            pbar (tqdm.tqdm): Progress bar for displaying progress.
+            args (SimpleNamespace): Configuration for the validator.
+            _callbacks (dict): Dictionary to store various callback functions.
+        """
+        self.args = get_cfg(overrides=args)
+        self.dataloader = dataloader
+        self.pbar = pbar
+        self.stride = None
+        self.data = None
+        self.device = None
+        self.batch_i = None
+        self.training = True
+        self.names = None
+        self.seen = None
+        self.stats = None
+        self.confusion_matrix = None
+        self.nc = None
+        self.iouv = None
+        self.jdict = None
+        self.speed = {"preprocess": 0.0, "inference": 0.0, "loss": 0.0, "postprocess": 0.0}
+
+        self.save_dir = save_dir or get_save_dir(self.args)
+        (self.save_dir / "labels" if self.args.save_txt else self.save_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        if self.args.conf is None:
+            self.args.conf = 0.001  # default conf=0.001
+        self.args.imgsz = check_imgsz(self.args.imgsz, max_dim=1)
+
+        self.plots = {}
+        self.callbacks = _callbacks or callbacks.get_default_callbacks()
+
+    # @smart_inference_mode()
+    def __call__(self, trainer=None, model=None):
+        """Supports validation of a pre-trained model if passed or a model being trained if trainer is passed (trainer
+        gets priority).
+        """
+        self.training = trainer is not None
+        augment = self.args.augment and (not self.training)
+        if self.training:
+            self.device = trainer.device
+            self.data = trainer.data
+            # self.args.half = self.device.type != "cpu"  # force FP16 val during training
+            model = trainer.ema.ema or trainer.model
+            model = model.half() if self.args.half else model.float()
+            # self.model = model
+            self.loss = torch.zeros_like(trainer.loss_items, device=trainer.device)
+            self.args.plots &= trainer.stopper.possible_stop or (trainer.epoch == trainer.epochs - 1)
+            model.eval()
+        else:
+            callbacks.add_integration_callbacks(self)
+            model = AutoBackend(
+                weights=model or self.args.model,
+                device=select_device(self.args.device, self.args.batch),
+                dnn=self.args.dnn,
+                data=self.args.data,
+                fp16=self.args.half,
+            )
+            # self.model = model
+            self.device = model.device  # update device
+            self.args.half = model.fp16  # update half
+            stride, pt, jit, engine = model.stride, model.pt, model.jit, model.engine
+            imgsz = check_imgsz(self.args.imgsz, stride=stride)
+            if engine:
+                self.args.batch = model.batch_size
+            elif not pt and not jit:
+                self.args.batch = 1  # export.py models default to batch-size 1
+                LOGGER.info(f"Forcing batch=1 square inference (1,3,{imgsz},{imgsz}) for non-PyTorch models")
+
+            if str(self.args.data).split(".")[-1] in ("yaml", "yml"):
+                self.data = check_det_dataset(self.args.data)
+            elif self.args.task == "classify":
+                self.data = check_cls_dataset(self.args.data, split=self.args.split)
+            else:
+                raise FileNotFoundError(emojis(f"Dataset '{self.args.data}' for task={self.args.task} not found ❌"))
+
+            if self.device.type in ("cpu", "mps"):
+                self.args.workers = 0  # faster CPU val as time dominated by inference, not dataloading
+            if not pt:
+                self.args.rect = False
+            self.stride = model.stride  # used in get_dataloader() for padding
+            self.dataloader = self.dataloader or self.get_dataloader(self.data.get(self.args.split), self.args.batch)
+
+            model.eval()
+            model.warmup(imgsz=(1 if pt else self.args.batch, 3, imgsz, imgsz))  # warmup
+
+        self.run_callbacks("on_val_start")
+        dt = (
+            Profile(device=self.device),
+            Profile(device=self.device),
+            Profile(device=self.device),
+            Profile(device=self.device),
+        )
+        bar = TQDM(self.dataloader, desc=self.get_desc(), total=len(self.dataloader))
+        self.init_metrics(de_parallel(model))
+        self.jdict = []  # empty before each val
+        for batch_i, batch in enumerate(bar):
+            self.run_callbacks("on_val_batch_start")
+            self.batch_i = batch_i
+            # Preprocess
+            with dt[0]:
+                batch = self.preprocess(batch)
+
+            # Inference
+            with dt[1]:
+                preds = model(batch["img"].requires_grad_(True), augment=augment)
+
+            # Loss
+            with dt[2]:
+                if self.training:
+                    self.loss += model.loss(batch, preds)[1]
+
+            # Postprocess
+            with dt[3]:
+                preds = self.postprocess(preds)
+
+            self.update_metrics(preds, batch)
+            if self.args.plots and batch_i < 3:
+                self.plot_val_samples(batch, batch_i)
+                self.plot_predictions(batch, preds, batch_i)
+
+            self.run_callbacks("on_val_batch_end")
+        stats = self.get_stats()
+        self.check_stats(stats)
+        self.speed = dict(zip(self.speed.keys(), (x.t / len(self.dataloader.dataset) * 1e3 for x in dt)))
+        self.finalize_metrics()
+        if not (self.args.save_json and self.is_coco and len(self.jdict)):
+            self.print_results()
+        self.run_callbacks("on_val_end")
+        if self.training:
+            model.float()
+            if self.args.save_json and self.jdict:
+                with open(str(self.save_dir / "predictions.json"), "w") as f:
+                    LOGGER.info(f"Saving {f.name}...")
+                    json.dump(self.jdict, f)  # flatten and save
+                stats = self.eval_json(stats)  # update stats
+                stats['fitness'] = stats['metrics/mAP50-95(B)']
+            results = {**stats, **trainer.label_loss_items(self.loss.cpu() / len(self.dataloader), prefix="val")}
+            return {k: round(float(v), 5) for k, v in results.items()}  # return results as 5 decimal place floats
+        else:
+            LOGGER.info(
+                "Speed: %.1fms preprocess, %.1fms inference, %.1fms loss, %.1fms postprocess per image"
+                % tuple(self.speed.values())
+            )
+            if self.args.save_json and self.jdict:
+                with open(str(self.save_dir / "predictions.json"), "w") as f:
+                    LOGGER.info(f"Saving {f.name}...")
+                    json.dump(self.jdict, f)  # flatten and save
+                stats = self.eval_json(stats)  # update stats
+            if self.args.plots or self.args.save_json:
+                LOGGER.info(f"Results saved to {colorstr('bold', self.save_dir)}")
+            return stats
+
+    def match_predictions(self, pred_classes, true_classes, iou, use_scipy=False):
+        """
+        Matches predictions to ground truth objects (pred_classes, true_classes) using IoU.
+
+        Args:
+            pred_classes (torch.Tensor): Predicted class indices of shape(N,).
+            true_classes (torch.Tensor): Target class indices of shape(M,).
+            iou (torch.Tensor): An NxM tensor containing the pairwise IoU values for predictions and ground of truth
+            use_scipy (bool): Whether to use scipy for matching (more precise).
+
+        Returns:
+            (torch.Tensor): Correct tensor of shape(N,10) for 10 IoU thresholds.
+        """
+        # Dx10 matrix, where D - detections, 10 - IoU thresholds
+        correct = np.zeros((pred_classes.shape[0], self.iouv.shape[0])).astype(bool)
+        # LxD matrix where L - labels (rows), D - detections (columns)
+        correct_class = true_classes[:, None] == pred_classes
+        iou = iou * correct_class  # zero out the wrong classes
+        iou = iou.cpu().numpy()
+        for i, threshold in enumerate(self.iouv.cpu().tolist()):
+            if use_scipy:
+                # WARNING: known issue that reduces mAP in https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/pull/4708
+                import scipy  # scope import to avoid importing for all commands
+
+                cost_matrix = iou * (iou >= threshold)
+                if cost_matrix.any():
+                    labels_idx, detections_idx = scipy.optimize.linear_sum_assignment(cost_matrix, maximize=True)
+                    valid = cost_matrix[labels_idx, detections_idx] > 0
+                    if valid.any():
+                        correct[detections_idx[valid], i] = True
+            else:
+                matches = np.nonzero(iou >= threshold)  # IoU > threshold and classes match
+                matches = np.array(matches).T
+                if matches.shape[0]:
+                    if matches.shape[0] > 1:
+                        matches = matches[iou[matches[:, 0], matches[:, 1]].argsort()[::-1]]
+                        matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 1], return_index=True)[1]]
+                        # matches = matches[matches[:, 2].argsort()[::-1]]
+                        matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 0], return_index=True)[1]]
+                    correct[matches[:, 1].astype(int), i] = True
+        return torch.tensor(correct, dtype=torch.bool, device=pred_classes.device)
+
+    def add_callback(self, event: str, callback):
+        """Appends the given callback."""
+        self.callbacks[event].append(callback)
+
+    def run_callbacks(self, event: str):
+        """Runs all callbacks associated with a specified event."""
+        for callback in self.callbacks.get(event, []):
+            callback(self)
+
+    def get_dataloader(self, dataset_path, batch_size):
+        """Get data loader from dataset path and batch size."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("get_dataloader function not implemented for this validator")
+
+    def build_dataset(self, img_path):
+        """Build dataset."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("build_dataset function not implemented in validator")
+
+    def preprocess(self, batch):
+        """Preprocesses an input batch."""
+        return batch
+
+    def postprocess(self, preds):
+        """Describes and summarizes the purpose of 'postprocess()' but no details mentioned."""
+        return preds
+
+    def init_metrics(self, model):
+        """Initialize performance metrics for the YOLO model."""
+        pass
+
+    def update_metrics(self, preds, batch):
+        """Updates metrics based on predictions and batch."""
+        pass
+
+    def finalize_metrics(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Finalizes and returns all metrics."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_stats(self):
+        """Returns statistics about the model's performance."""
+        return {}
+
+    def check_stats(self, stats):
+        """Checks statistics."""
+        pass
+
+    def print_results(self):
+        """Prints the results of the model's predictions."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_desc(self):
+        """Get description of the YOLO model."""
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def metric_keys(self):
+        """Returns the metric keys used in YOLO training/validation."""
+        return []
+
+    def on_plot(self, name, data=None):
+        """Registers plots (e.g. to be consumed in callbacks)"""
+        self.plots[Path(name)] = {"data": data, "timestamp": time.time()}
+
+    # TODO: may need to put these following functions into callback
+    def plot_val_samples(self, batch, ni):
+        """Plots validation samples during training."""
+        pass
+
+    def plot_predictions(self, batch, preds, ni):
+        """Plots YOLO model predictions on batch images."""
+        pass
+
+    def pred_to_json(self, preds, batch):
+        """Convert predictions to JSON format."""
+        pass
+
+    def eval_json(self, stats):
+        """Evaluate and return JSON format of prediction statistics."""
+        pass

ultralytics/models/yolo/detect/__init__.py

@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ from .predict import DetectionPredictor
 from .pgt_train import PGTDetectionTrainer
 from .train import DetectionTrainer
 from .val import DetectionValidator
+from .pgt_val import PGTDetectionValidator
 
-__all__ = "DetectionPredictor", "DetectionTrainer", "DetectionValidator", "PGTDetectionTrainer"
+__all__ = "DetectionPredictor", "DetectionTrainer", "DetectionValidator", "PGTDetectionTrainer", "PGTDetectionValidator"

ultralytics/models/yolo/detect/pgt_val.py

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
+
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from ultralytics.data import build_dataloader, build_yolo_dataset, converter
+from ultralytics.engine.validator import BaseValidator
+from ultralytics.engine.pgt_validator import PGTValidator
+from ultralytics.utils import LOGGER, ops
+from ultralytics.utils.checks import check_requirements
+from ultralytics.utils.metrics import ConfusionMatrix, DetMetrics, box_iou
+from ultralytics.utils.plotting import output_to_target, plot_images
+
+
+class PGTDetectionValidator(PGTValidator):
+    """
+    A class extending the BaseValidator class for validation based on a detection model.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from ultralytics.models.yolo.detect import DetectionValidator
+
+        args = dict(model='yolov8n.pt', data='coco8.yaml')
+        validator = DetectionValidator(args=args)
+        validator()
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dataloader=None, save_dir=None, pbar=None, args=None, _callbacks=None):
+        """Initialize detection model with necessary variables and settings."""
+        super().__init__(dataloader, save_dir, pbar, args, _callbacks)
+        self.nt_per_class = None
+        self.is_coco = False
+        self.class_map = None
+        self.args.task = "detect"
+        self.metrics = DetMetrics(save_dir=self.save_dir, on_plot=self.on_plot)
+        self.iouv = torch.linspace(0.5, 0.95, 10)  # IoU vector for mAP@0.5:0.95
+        self.niou = self.iouv.numel()
+        self.lb = []  # for autolabelling
+
+    def preprocess(self, batch):
+        """Preprocesses batch of images for YOLO training."""
+        batch["img"] = batch["img"].to(self.device, non_blocking=True)
+        batch["img"] = (batch["img"].half() if self.args.half else batch["img"].float()) / 255
+        for k in ["batch_idx", "cls", "bboxes"]:
+            batch[k] = batch[k].to(self.device)
+
+        if self.args.save_hybrid:
+            height, width = batch["img"].shape[2:]
+            nb = len(batch["img"])
+            bboxes = batch["bboxes"] * torch.tensor((width, height, width, height), device=self.device)
+            self.lb = (
+                [
+                    torch.cat([batch["cls"][batch["batch_idx"] == i], bboxes[batch["batch_idx"] == i]], dim=-1)
+                    for i in range(nb)
+                ]
+                if self.args.save_hybrid
+                else []
+            )  # for autolabelling
+
+        return batch
+
+    def init_metrics(self, model):
+        """Initialize evaluation metrics for YOLO."""
+        val = self.data.get(self.args.split, "")  # validation path
+        self.is_coco = isinstance(val, str) and "coco" in val and val.endswith(f"{os.sep}val2017.txt")  # is COCO
+        self.class_map = converter.coco80_to_coco91_class() if self.is_coco else list(range(1000))
+        self.args.save_json |= self.is_coco  # run on final val if training COCO
+        self.names = model.names
+        self.nc = len(model.names)
+        self.metrics.names = self.names
+        self.metrics.plot = self.args.plots
+        self.confusion_matrix = ConfusionMatrix(nc=self.nc, conf=self.args.conf)
+        self.seen = 0
+        self.jdict = []
+        self.stats = dict(tp=[], conf=[], pred_cls=[], target_cls=[])
+
+    def get_desc(self):
+        """Return a formatted string summarizing class metrics of YOLO model."""
+        return ("%22s" + "%11s" * 6) % ("Class", "Images", "Instances", "Box(P", "R", "mAP50", "mAP50-95)")
+
+    def postprocess(self, preds):
+        """Apply Non-maximum suppression to prediction outputs."""
+        return ops.non_max_suppression(
+            preds,
+            self.args.conf,
+            self.args.iou,
+            labels=self.lb,
+            multi_label=True,
+            agnostic=self.args.single_cls,
+            max_det=self.args.max_det,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_batch(self, si, batch):
+        """Prepares a batch of images and annotations for validation."""
+        idx = batch["batch_idx"] == si
+        cls = batch["cls"][idx].squeeze(-1)
+        bbox = batch["bboxes"][idx]
+        ori_shape = batch["ori_shape"][si]
+        imgsz = batch["img"].shape[2:]
+        ratio_pad = batch["ratio_pad"][si]
+        if len(cls):
+            bbox = ops.xywh2xyxy(bbox) * torch.tensor(imgsz, device=self.device)[[1, 0, 1, 0]]  # target boxes
+            ops.scale_boxes(imgsz, bbox, ori_shape, ratio_pad=ratio_pad)  # native-space labels
+        return dict(cls=cls, bbox=bbox, ori_shape=ori_shape, imgsz=imgsz, ratio_pad=ratio_pad)
+
+    def _prepare_pred(self, pred, pbatch):
+        """Prepares a batch of images and annotations for validation."""
+        predn = pred.clone()
+        ops.scale_boxes(
+            pbatch["imgsz"], predn[:, :4], pbatch["ori_shape"], ratio_pad=pbatch["ratio_pad"]
+        )  # native-space pred
+        return predn
+
+    def update_metrics(self, preds, batch):
+        """Metrics."""
+        for si, pred in enumerate(preds):
+            self.seen += 1
+            npr = len(pred)
+            stat = dict(
+                conf=torch.zeros(0, device=self.device),
+                pred_cls=torch.zeros(0, device=self.device),
+                tp=torch.zeros(npr, self.niou, dtype=torch.bool, device=self.device),
+            )
+            pbatch = self._prepare_batch(si, batch)
+            cls, bbox = pbatch.pop("cls"), pbatch.pop("bbox")
+            nl = len(cls)
+            stat["target_cls"] = cls
+            if npr == 0:
+                if nl:
+                    for k in self.stats.keys():
+                        self.stats[k].append(stat[k])
+                    if self.args.plots:
+                        self.confusion_matrix.process_batch(detections=None, gt_bboxes=bbox, gt_cls=cls)
+                continue
+
+            # Predictions
+            if self.args.single_cls:
+                pred[:, 5] = 0
+            predn = self._prepare_pred(pred, pbatch)
+            stat["conf"] = predn[:, 4]
+            stat["pred_cls"] = predn[:, 5]
+
+            # Evaluate
+            if nl:
+                stat["tp"] = self._process_batch(predn, bbox, cls)
+                if self.args.plots:
+                    self.confusion_matrix.process_batch(predn, bbox, cls)
+            for k in self.stats.keys():
+                self.stats[k].append(stat[k])
+
+            # Save
+            if self.args.save_json:
+                self.pred_to_json(predn, batch["im_file"][si])
+            if self.args.save_txt:
+                file = self.save_dir / "labels" / f'{Path(batch["im_file"][si]).stem}.txt'
+                self.save_one_txt(predn, self.args.save_conf, pbatch["ori_shape"], file)
+
+    def finalize_metrics(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Set final values for metrics speed and confusion matrix."""
+        self.metrics.speed = self.speed
+        self.metrics.confusion_matrix = self.confusion_matrix
+
+    def get_stats(self):
+        """Returns metrics statistics and results dictionary."""
+        stats = {k: torch.cat(v, 0).cpu().numpy() for k, v in self.stats.items()}  # to numpy
+        if len(stats) and stats["tp"].any():
+            self.metrics.process(**stats)
+        self.nt_per_class = np.bincount(
+            stats["target_cls"].astype(int), minlength=self.nc
+        )  # number of targets per class
+        return self.metrics.results_dict
+
+    def print_results(self):
+        """Prints training/validation set metrics per class."""
+        pf = "%22s" + "%11i" * 2 + "%11.3g" * len(self.metrics.keys)  # print format
+        LOGGER.info(pf % ("all", self.seen, self.nt_per_class.sum(), *self.metrics.mean_results()))
+        if self.nt_per_class.sum() == 0:
+            LOGGER.warning(f"WARNING ⚠️ no labels found in {self.args.task} set, can not compute metrics without labels")
+
+        # Print results per class
+        if self.args.verbose and not self.training and self.nc > 1 and len(self.stats):
+            for i, c in enumerate(self.metrics.ap_class_index):
+                LOGGER.info(pf % (self.names[c], self.seen, self.nt_per_class[c], *self.metrics.class_result(i)))
+
+        if self.args.plots:
+            for normalize in True, False:
+                self.confusion_matrix.plot(
+                    save_dir=self.save_dir, names=self.names.values(), normalize=normalize, on_plot=self.on_plot
+                )
+
+    def _process_batch(self, detections, gt_bboxes, gt_cls):
+        """
+        Return correct prediction matrix.
+
+        Args:
+            detections (torch.Tensor): Tensor of shape [N, 6] representing detections.
+                Each detection is of the format: x1, y1, x2, y2, conf, class.
+            labels (torch.Tensor): Tensor of shape [M, 5] representing labels.
+                Each label is of the format: class, x1, y1, x2, y2.
+
+        Returns:
+            (torch.Tensor): Correct prediction matrix of shape [N, 10] for 10 IoU levels.
+        """
+        iou = box_iou(gt_bboxes, detections[:, :4])
+        return self.match_predictions(detections[:, 5], gt_cls, iou)
+
+    def build_dataset(self, img_path, mode="val", batch=None):
+        """
+        Build YOLO Dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            img_path (str): Path to the folder containing images.
+            mode (str): `train` mode or `val` mode, users are able to customize different augmentations for each mode.
+            batch (int, optional): Size of batches, this is for `rect`. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        return build_yolo_dataset(self.args, img_path, batch, self.data, mode=mode, stride=self.stride)
+
+    def get_dataloader(self, dataset_path, batch_size):
+        """Construct and return dataloader."""
+        dataset = self.build_dataset(dataset_path, batch=batch_size, mode="val")
+        return build_dataloader(dataset, batch_size, self.args.workers, shuffle=False, rank=-1)  # return dataloader
+
+    def plot_val_samples(self, batch, ni):
+        """Plot validation image samples."""
+        plot_images(
+            batch["img"],
+            batch["batch_idx"],
+            batch["cls"].squeeze(-1),
+            batch["bboxes"],
+            paths=batch["im_file"],
+            fname=self.save_dir / f"val_batch{ni}_labels.jpg",
+            names=self.names,
+            on_plot=self.on_plot,
+        )
+
+    def plot_predictions(self, batch, preds, ni):
+        """Plots predicted bounding boxes on input images and saves the result."""
+        plot_images(
+            batch["img"],
+            *output_to_target(preds, max_det=self.args.max_det),
+            paths=batch["im_file"],
+            fname=self.save_dir / f"val_batch{ni}_pred.jpg",
+            names=self.names,
+            on_plot=self.on_plot,
+        )  # pred
+
+    def save_one_txt(self, predn, save_conf, shape, file):
+        """Save YOLO detections to a txt file in normalized coordinates in a specific format."""
+        gn = torch.tensor(shape)[[1, 0, 1, 0]]  # normalization gain whwh
+        for *xyxy, conf, cls in predn.tolist():
+            xywh = (ops.xyxy2xywh(torch.tensor(xyxy).view(1, 4)) / gn).view(-1).tolist()  # normalized xywh
+            line = (cls, *xywh, conf) if save_conf else (cls, *xywh)  # label format
+            with open(file, "a") as f:
+                f.write(("%g " * len(line)).rstrip() % line + "\n")
+
+    def pred_to_json(self, predn, filename):
+        """Serialize YOLO predictions to COCO json format."""
+        stem = Path(filename).stem
+        image_id = int(stem) if stem.isnumeric() else stem
+        box = ops.xyxy2xywh(predn[:, :4])  # xywh
+        box[:, :2] -= box[:, 2:] / 2  # xy center to top-left corner
+        for p, b in zip(predn.tolist(), box.tolist()):
+            self.jdict.append(
+                {
+                    "image_id": image_id,
+                    "category_id": self.class_map[int(p[5])],
+                    "bbox": [round(x, 3) for x in b],
+                    "score": round(p[4], 5),
+                }
+            )
+
+    def eval_json(self, stats):
+        """Evaluates YOLO output in JSON format and returns performance statistics."""
+        if self.args.save_json and self.is_coco and len(self.jdict):
+            anno_json = self.data["path"] / "annotations/instances_val2017.json"  # annotations
+            pred_json = self.save_dir / "predictions.json"  # predictions
+            LOGGER.info(f"\nEvaluating pycocotools mAP using {pred_json} and {anno_json}...")
+            try:  # https://github.com/cocodataset/cocoapi/blob/master/PythonAPI/pycocoEvalDemo.ipynb
+                check_requirements("pycocotools>=2.0.6")
+                from pycocotools.coco import COCO  # noqa
+                from pycocotools.cocoeval import COCOeval  # noqa
+
+                for x in anno_json, pred_json:
+                    assert x.is_file(), f"{x} file not found"
+                anno = COCO(str(anno_json))  # init annotations api
+                pred = anno.loadRes(str(pred_json))  # init predictions api (must pass string, not Path)
+                eval = COCOeval(anno, pred, "bbox")
+                if self.is_coco:
+                    eval.params.imgIds = [int(Path(x).stem) for x in self.dataloader.dataset.im_files]  # images to eval
+                eval.evaluate()
+                eval.accumulate()
+                eval.summarize()
+                stats[self.metrics.keys[-1]], stats[self.metrics.keys[-2]] = eval.stats[:2]  # update mAP50-95 and mAP50
+            except Exception as e:
+                LOGGER.warning(f"pycocotools unable to run: {e}")
+        return stats

ultralytics/models/yolo/segment/__init__.py

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 from .predict import SegmentationPredictor
 from .train import SegmentationTrainer
 from .val import SegmentationValidator
+from .pgt_train import PGTSegmentationTrainer
 
-__all__ = "SegmentationPredictor", "SegmentationTrainer", "SegmentationValidator"
+__all__ = "SegmentationPredictor", "SegmentationTrainer", "SegmentationValidator", "PGTSegmentationTrainer"

ultralytics/models/yolo/segment/pgt_train.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
+
+from copy import copy
+
+from ultralytics.models import yolo
+from ultralytics.nn.tasks import SegmentationModel, DetectionModel
+from ultralytics.utils import DEFAULT_CFG, RANK
+from ultralytics.utils.plotting import plot_images, plot_results
+from ultralytics.models.yolov10.model import YOLOv10DetectionModel, YOLOv10PGTDetectionModel
+from ultralytics.models.yolov10.val import YOLOv10DetectionValidator, YOLOv10PGTDetectionValidator
+
+class PGTSegmentationTrainer(yolo.detect.PGTDetectionTrainer):
+    """
+    A class extending the DetectionTrainer class for training based on a segmentation model.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from ultralytics.models.yolo.segment import SegmentationTrainer
+
+        args = dict(model='yolov8n-seg.pt', data='coco8-seg.yaml', epochs=3)
+        trainer = SegmentationTrainer(overrides=args)
+        trainer.train()
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cfg=DEFAULT_CFG, overrides=None, _callbacks=None):
+        """Initialize a SegmentationTrainer object with given arguments."""
+        if overrides is None:
+            overrides = {}
+        overrides["task"] = "segment"
+        super().__init__(cfg, overrides, _callbacks)
+
+    def get_model(self, cfg=None, weights=None, verbose=True):
+        """Return SegmentationModel initialized with specified config and weights."""
+        if self.args.model in ['yolov10n.pt', 'yolov10m.pt', 'yolov10x.pt', 'yolov10s.pt', 'yolov10b.pt', 'yolov10l.pt']:
+            model = YOLOv10PGTDetectionModel(cfg, nc=self.data["nc"], verbose=verbose and RANK == -1)
+        else:
+            model = SegmentationModel(cfg, ch=3, nc=self.data["nc"], verbose=verbose and RANK == -1)
+        if weights:
+            model.load(weights)
+
+        return model
+
+    def get_validator(self):
+        """Return an instance of SegmentationValidator for validation of YOLO model."""
+        
+        if self.args.model in ['yolov10n.pt', 'yolov10m.pt', 'yolov10x.pt', 'yolov10s.pt', 'yolov10b.pt', 'yolov10l.pt']:
+            self.loss_names = "box_om", "cls_om", "dfl_om", "box_oo", "cls_oo", "dfl_oo", "pgt_loss",
+            return YOLOv10PGTDetectionValidator(
+                self.test_loader, save_dir=self.save_dir, args=copy(self.args), _callbacks=self.callbacks
+            )
+        else:
+            self.loss_names = "box_loss", "seg_loss", "cls_loss", "dfl_loss"
+            return yolo.segment.SegmentationValidator(
+                self.test_loader, save_dir=self.save_dir, args=copy(self.args), _callbacks=self.callbacks
+            )
+
+    def plot_training_samples(self, batch, ni):
+        """Creates a plot of training sample images with labels and box coordinates."""
+        plot_images(
+            batch["img"],
+            batch["batch_idx"],
+            batch["cls"].squeeze(-1),
+            batch["bboxes"],
+            masks=batch["masks"],
+            paths=batch["im_file"],
+            fname=self.save_dir / f"train_batch{ni}.jpg",
+            on_plot=self.on_plot,
+        )
+
+    def plot_metrics(self):
+        """Plots training/val metrics."""
+        plot_results(file=self.csv, segment=True, on_plot=self.on_plot)  # save results.png

ultralytics/models/yolov10/model.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from ultralytics.engine.model import Model
-from ultralytics.nn.tasks import YOLOv10DetectionModel
+from ultralytics.nn.tasks import YOLOv10DetectionModel, YOLOv10PGTDetectionModel
 from .val import YOLOv10DetectionValidator
 from .predict import YOLOv10DetectionPredictor
 from .train import YOLOv10DetectionTrainer

ultralytics/models/yolov10/val.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from ultralytics.models.yolo.detect import DetectionValidator
+from ultralytics.models.yolo.detect import DetectionValidator, PGTDetectionValidator
 from ultralytics.utils import ops
 import torch
 
@@ -22,3 +22,24 @@ class YOLOv10DetectionValidator(DetectionValidator):
             boxes, scores, labels = ops.v10postprocess(preds, self.args.max_det, self.nc)
             bboxes = ops.xywh2xyxy(boxes)
             return torch.cat([bboxes, scores.unsqueeze(-1), labels.unsqueeze(-1)], dim=-1)
+        
+class YOLOv10PGTDetectionValidator(PGTDetectionValidator):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.args.save_json |= self.is_coco
+
+    def postprocess(self, preds):
+        if isinstance(preds, dict):
+            preds = preds["one2one"]
+
+        if isinstance(preds, (list, tuple)):
+            preds = preds[0]
+        
+        # Acknowledgement: Thanks to sanha9999 in #190 and #181!
+        if preds.shape[-1] == 6:
+            return preds
+        else:
+            preds = preds.transpose(-1, -2)
+            boxes, scores, labels = ops.v10postprocess(preds, self.args.max_det, self.nc)
+            bboxes = ops.xywh2xyxy(boxes)
+            return torch.cat([bboxes, scores.unsqueeze(-1), labels.unsqueeze(-1)], dim=-1)

ultralytics/nn/tasks.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ from ultralytics.nn.modules import (
 )
 from ultralytics.utils import DEFAULT_CFG_DICT, DEFAULT_CFG_KEYS, LOGGER, colorstr, emojis, yaml_load
 from ultralytics.utils.checks import check_requirements, check_suffix, check_yaml
-from ultralytics.utils.loss import v8ClassificationLoss, v8DetectionLoss, v8OBBLoss, v8PoseLoss, v8SegmentationLoss, v10DetectLoss
+from ultralytics.utils.loss import v8ClassificationLoss, v8DetectionLoss, v8OBBLoss, v8PoseLoss, v8SegmentationLoss, v10DetectLoss, v10PGTDetectLoss
 from ultralytics.utils.plotting import feature_visualization
 from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import (
     fuse_conv_and_bn,
@@ -652,6 +652,10 @@ class YOLOv10DetectionModel(DetectionModel):
     def init_criterion(self):
         return v10DetectLoss(self)
     
+class YOLOv10PGTDetectionModel(DetectionModel):
+    def init_criterion(self):
+        return v10PGTDetectLoss(self)
+
 class Ensemble(nn.ModuleList):
     """Ensemble of models."""
 

ultralytics/utils/loss.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from ultralytics.utils.ops import crop_mask, xywh2xyxy, xyxy2xywh
 from ultralytics.utils.tal import RotatedTaskAlignedAssigner, TaskAlignedAssigner, dist2bbox, dist2rbox, make_anchors
 from .metrics import bbox_iou, probiou
 from .tal import bbox2dist
-
+from ultralytics.utils.plaus_functs import get_dist_reg, plaus_loss_fn
 
 class VarifocalLoss(nn.Module):
     """
@@ -725,3 +725,30 @@ class v10DetectLoss:
         one2one = preds["one2one"]
         loss_one2one = self.one2one(one2one, batch)
         return loss_one2many[0] + loss_one2one[0], torch.cat((loss_one2many[1], loss_one2one[1]))
+
+class v10PGTDetectLoss:
+    def __init__(self, model):
+        self.one2many = v8DetectionLoss(model, tal_topk=10)
+        self.one2one = v8DetectionLoss(model, tal_topk=1)
+    
+    def __call__(self, preds, batch):
+        batch['img'] = batch['img'].requires_grad_(True)
+        one2many = preds["one2many"]
+        loss_one2many = self.one2many(one2many, batch)
+        one2one = preds["one2one"]
+        loss_one2one = self.one2one(one2one, batch)
+
+        loss = loss_one2many[0] + loss_one2one[0]
+        
+        smask = get_dist_reg(batch['img'], batch['masks'])
+
+        grad = torch.autograd.grad(loss, batch['img'], retain_graph=True)[0]
+        grad = torch.abs(grad)
+
+        pgt_coeff = 3.0
+        plaus_loss = plaus_loss_fn(grad, smask, pgt_coeff)
+        # self.loss_items = torch.cat((self.loss_items, plaus_loss.unsqueeze(0)))
+        loss += plaus_loss
+        
+        return loss, torch.cat((loss_one2many[1], loss_one2one[1], plaus_loss.unsqueeze(0)))
+    

ultralytics/utils/plaus_functs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+import torch
+import numpy as np
+# from plot_functs import * 
+from .plot_functs import normalize_tensor, overlay_mask, imshow
+import math   
+import time
+import matplotlib.path as mplPath
+from matplotlib.path import Path
+# from utils.general import non_max_suppression, xyxy2xywh, scale_coords
+from ultralytics.utils.ops import crop_mask, xywh2xyxy, xyxy2xywh, non_max_suppression
+from .metrics import bbox_iou
+import torchvision.transforms as T
+
+def plaus_loss_fn(grad, smask, pgt_coeff):
+    ################## Compute the PGT Loss ##################
+    # Positive regularization term for incentivizing pixels near the target to have high attribution
+    dist_attr_pos = attr_reg(grad, (1.0 - smask)) # dist_reg = seg_mask
+    # Negative regularization term for incentivizing pixels far from the target to have low attribution
+    dist_attr_neg = attr_reg(grad, smask)
+    # Calculate plausibility regularization term
+    # dist_reg = dist_attr_pos - dist_attr_neg
+    dist_reg = ((dist_attr_pos / torch.mean(grad)) - (dist_attr_neg / torch.mean(grad)))
+    plaus_reg = (((1.0 + dist_reg) / 2.0))
+    # Calculate plausibility loss
+    plaus_loss = (1 - plaus_reg) * pgt_coeff
+    return plaus_loss
+
+def get_dist_reg(images, seg_mask):
+    seg_mask = T.Resize((images.shape[2], images.shape[3]), antialias=True)(seg_mask).to(images.device)
+    seg_mask = seg_mask.to(dtype=torch.float32).unsqueeze(1).repeat(1, 3, 1, 1)
+    seg_mask[seg_mask > 0] = 1.0
+    
+    smask = torch.zeros_like(seg_mask)
+    sigmas = [20.0 + (i_sig * 20.0) for i_sig in range(8)]
+    for k_it, sigma in enumerate(sigmas):
+        # Apply Gaussian blur to the mask
+        kernel_size = int(sigma + 50)
+        if kernel_size % 2 == 0:
+            kernel_size += 1
+        seg_mask1 = T.GaussianBlur(kernel_size=(kernel_size, kernel_size), sigma=sigma)(seg_mask)
+        if torch.max(seg_mask1) > 1.0:
+            seg_mask1 = (seg_mask1 - seg_mask1.min()) / (seg_mask1.max() - seg_mask1.min())
+        smask = torch.max(smask, seg_mask1)
+    return smask
+
+def get_gradient(img, grad_wrt, norm=False, absolute=True, grayscale=False, keepmean=False):
+    """
+    Compute the gradient of an image with respect to a given tensor.
+
+    Args:
+        img (torch.Tensor): The input image tensor.
+        grad_wrt (torch.Tensor): The tensor with respect to which the gradient is computed.
+        norm (bool, optional): Whether to normalize the gradient. Defaults to True.
+        absolute (bool, optional): Whether to take the absolute values of the gradients. Defaults to True.
+        grayscale (bool, optional): Whether to convert the gradient to grayscale. Defaults to True.
+        keepmean (bool, optional): Whether to keep the mean value of the attribution map. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: The computed attribution map.
+
+    """
+    if (grad_wrt.shape != torch.Size([1])) and (grad_wrt.shape != torch.Size([])):
+        grad_wrt_outputs = torch.ones_like(grad_wrt).clone().detach()#.requires_grad_(True)#.retains_grad_(True)
+    else:
+        grad_wrt_outputs = None
+    attribution_map = torch.autograd.grad(grad_wrt, img, 
+                                    grad_outputs=grad_wrt_outputs, 
+                                    create_graph=True, # Create graph to allow for higher order derivatives but slows down computation significantly
+                                    )[0]
+    if absolute:
+        attribution_map = torch.abs(attribution_map) # attribution_map ** 2 # Take absolute values of gradients
+    if grayscale: # Convert to grayscale, saves vram and computation time for plaus_eval
+        attribution_map = torch.sum(attribution_map, 1, keepdim=True)
+    if norm:
+        if keepmean:
+            attmean = torch.mean(attribution_map)
+            attmin = torch.min(attribution_map)
+            attmax = torch.max(attribution_map)
+        attribution_map = normalize_batch(attribution_map) # Normalize attribution maps per image in batch
+        if keepmean:
+            attribution_map -= attribution_map.mean()
+            attribution_map += (attmean / (attmax - attmin))
+        
+    return attribution_map
+
+def get_gaussian(img, grad_wrt, norm=True, absolute=True, grayscale=True, keepmean=False):
+    """
+    Generate Gaussian noise based on the input image.
+
+    Args:
+        img (torch.Tensor): Input image.
+        grad_wrt: Gradient with respect to the input image.
+        norm (bool, optional): Whether to normalize the generated noise. Defaults to True.
+        absolute (bool, optional): Whether to take the absolute values of the gradients. Defaults to True.
+        grayscale (bool, optional): Whether to convert the noise to grayscale. Defaults to True.
+        keepmean (bool, optional): Whether to keep the mean of the noise. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: Generated Gaussian noise.
+    """
+    
+    gaussian_noise = torch.randn_like(img)
+    
+    if absolute:
+        gaussian_noise = torch.abs(gaussian_noise) # Take absolute values of gradients
+    if grayscale: # Convert to grayscale, saves vram and computation time for plaus_eval
+        gaussian_noise = torch.sum(gaussian_noise, 1, keepdim=True)
+    if norm:
+        if keepmean:
+            attmean = torch.mean(gaussian_noise)
+            attmin = torch.min(gaussian_noise)
+            attmax = torch.max(gaussian_noise)
+        gaussian_noise = normalize_batch(gaussian_noise) # Normalize attribution maps per image in batch
+        if keepmean:
+            gaussian_noise -= gaussian_noise.mean()
+            gaussian_noise += (attmean / (attmax - attmin))
+        
+    return gaussian_noise
+    
+
+def get_plaus_score(targets_out, attr, debug=False, corners=False, imgs=None, eps = 1e-7):
+    # TODO: Remove imgs from this function and only take it as input if debug is True
+    """
+    Calculates the plausibility score based on the given inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        imgs (torch.Tensor): The input images.
+        targets_out (torch.Tensor): The output targets.
+        attr (torch.Tensor): The attribute tensor.
+        debug (bool, optional): Whether to enable debug mode. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: The plausibility score.
+    """
+    # # if imgs is None:
+    # #     imgs = torch.zeros_like(attr)
+    # # with torch.no_grad():
+    # target_inds = targets_out[:, 0].int()
+    # xyxy_batch = targets_out[:, 2:6]# * pre_gen_gains[out_num]
+    # num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3], attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3]], device=attr.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    # # num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], device=imgs.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    # xyxy_corners = (corners_coords_batch(xyxy_batch) * num_pixels).int()
+    # co = xyxy_corners
+    # if corners:
+    #     co = targets_out[:, 2:6].int()
+    # coords_map = torch.zeros_like(attr, dtype=torch.bool)
+    # # rows = np.arange(co.shape[0])
+    # x1, x2 = co[:,1], co[:,3]
+    # y1, y2 = co[:,0], co[:,2]
+    
+    # for ic in range(co.shape[0]): # potential for speedup here with torch indexing instead of for loop
+    #     coords_map[target_inds[ic], :,x1[ic]:x2[ic],y1[ic]:y2[ic]] = True
+
+    if torch.isnan(attr).any():
+        attr = torch.nan_to_num(attr, nan=0.0)
+    
+    coords_map = get_bbox_map(targets_out, attr)
+    plaus_score = ((torch.sum((attr * coords_map))) / (torch.sum(attr)))
+
+    if debug:
+        for i in range(len(coords_map)):
+            coords_map3ch = torch.cat([coords_map[i][:1], coords_map[i][:1], coords_map[i][:1]], dim=0)
+            test_bbox = torch.zeros_like(imgs[i])
+            test_bbox[coords_map3ch] = imgs[i][coords_map3ch]
+            imshow(test_bbox, save_path='figs/test_bbox')
+            if imgs is None:
+                imgs = torch.zeros_like(attr)
+            imshow(imgs[i], save_path='figs/im0')
+            imshow(attr[i], save_path='figs/attr')
+    
+    # with torch.no_grad():
+    # # att_select = attr[coords_map]
+    # att_select = attr * coords_map.to(torch.float32)
+    # att_total = attr
+    
+    # IoU_num = torch.sum(att_select)
+    # IoU_denom = torch.sum(att_total)
+    
+    # IoU_ = (IoU_num / IoU_denom)
+    # plaus_score = IoU_
+
+    # # plaus_score = ((torch.sum(attr[coords_map])) / (torch.sum(attr)))
+    
+    return plaus_score
+
+def get_attr_corners(targets_out, attr, debug=False, corners=False, imgs=None, eps = 1e-7):
+    # TODO: Remove imgs from this function and only take it as input if debug is True
+    """
+    Calculates the plausibility score based on the given inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        imgs (torch.Tensor): The input images.
+        targets_out (torch.Tensor): The output targets.
+        attr (torch.Tensor): The attribute tensor.
+        debug (bool, optional): Whether to enable debug mode. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: The plausibility score.
+    """
+    # if imgs is None:
+    #     imgs = torch.zeros_like(attr)
+    # with torch.no_grad():
+    target_inds = targets_out[:, 0].int()
+    xyxy_batch = targets_out[:, 2:6]# * pre_gen_gains[out_num]
+    num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3], attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3]], device=attr.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    # num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], device=imgs.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    xyxy_corners = (corners_coords_batch(xyxy_batch) * num_pixels).int()
+    co = xyxy_corners
+    if corners:
+        co = targets_out[:, 2:6].int()
+    coords_map = torch.zeros_like(attr, dtype=torch.bool)
+    # rows = np.arange(co.shape[0])
+    x1, x2 = co[:,1], co[:,3]
+    y1, y2 = co[:,0], co[:,2]
+    
+    for ic in range(co.shape[0]): # potential for speedup here with torch indexing instead of for loop
+        coords_map[target_inds[ic], :,x1[ic]:x2[ic],y1[ic]:y2[ic]] = True
+
+    if torch.isnan(attr).any():
+        attr = torch.nan_to_num(attr, nan=0.0)
+    if debug:
+        for i in range(len(coords_map)):
+            coords_map3ch = torch.cat([coords_map[i][:1], coords_map[i][:1], coords_map[i][:1]], dim=0)
+            test_bbox = torch.zeros_like(imgs[i])
+            test_bbox[coords_map3ch] = imgs[i][coords_map3ch]
+            imshow(test_bbox, save_path='figs/test_bbox')
+            imshow(imgs[i], save_path='figs/im0')
+            imshow(attr[i], save_path='figs/attr')
+    
+    # att_select = attr[coords_map]
+    # with torch.no_grad():
+    # IoU_num = (torch.sum(attr[coords_map]))
+    # IoU_denom = torch.sum(attr)
+    # IoU_ = (IoU_num / (IoU_denom))
+    
+    # IoU_ = torch.max(attr[coords_map]) - torch.max(attr[~coords_map])
+    co = (xyxy_batch * num_pixels).int()
+    x1 = co[:,1] + 1
+    y1 = co[:,0] + 1
+    # with torch.no_grad():
+    attr_ = torch.sum(attr, 1, keepdim=True)
+    corners_attr = None #torch.zeros(len(xyxy_batch), 4, device=attr.device)
+    for ic in range(co.shape[0]):
+        attr0 = attr_[target_inds[ic], :,:x1[ic],:y1[ic]]
+        attr1 = attr_[target_inds[ic], :,:x1[ic],y1[ic]:]
+        attr2 = attr_[target_inds[ic], :,x1[ic]:,:y1[ic]]
+        attr3 = attr_[target_inds[ic], :,x1[ic]:,y1[ic]:]
+
+        x_0, y_0 = max_indices_2d(attr0[0])
+        x_1, y_1 = max_indices_2d(attr1[0])
+        x_2, y_2 = max_indices_2d(attr2[0])
+        x_3, y_3 = max_indices_2d(attr3[0])
+
+        y_1 += y1[ic]
+        x_2 += x1[ic]
+        x_3 += x1[ic]
+        y_3 += y1[ic]
+
+        max_corners = torch.cat([torch.min(x_0, x_2).unsqueeze(0) / attr_.shape[2],
+                                    torch.min(y_0, y_1).unsqueeze(0) / attr_.shape[3],
+                                    torch.max(x_1, x_3).unsqueeze(0) / attr_.shape[2],
+                                    torch.max(y_2, y_3).unsqueeze(0) / attr_.shape[3]])
+        if corners_attr is None:
+            corners_attr = max_corners
+        else:
+            corners_attr = torch.cat([corners_attr, max_corners], dim=0)
+        # corners_attr[ic] = max_corners
+        # corners_attr = attr[:,0,:4,0]
+    corners_attr = corners_attr.view(-1, 4)
+    # corners_attr = torch.stack(corners_attr, dim=0)
+    IoU_ = bbox_iou(corners_attr.T, xyxy_batch, x1y1x2y2=False, metric='CIoU')
+    plaus_score = IoU_.mean()
+
+    return plaus_score
+
+def max_indices_2d(x_inp):
+    # values, indices = x.reshape(x.size(0), -1).max(dim=-1)
+    torch.max(x_inp,)
+    index = torch.argmax(x_inp)
+    x = index // x_inp.shape[1]
+    y = index % x_inp.shape[1]
+    # x, y = divmod(index.item(), x_inp.shape[1])
+
+    return torch.cat([x.unsqueeze(0), y.unsqueeze(0)])
+
+
+def point_in_polygon(poly, grid):
+    # t0 = time.time()
+    num_points = poly.shape[0]
+    j = num_points - 1
+    oddNodes = torch.zeros_like(grid[..., 0], dtype=torch.bool)
+    for i in range(num_points):
+        cond1 = (poly[i, 1] < grid[..., 1]) & (poly[j, 1] >= grid[..., 1])
+        cond2 = (poly[j, 1] < grid[..., 1]) & (poly[i, 1] >= grid[..., 1])
+        cond3 = (grid[..., 0] - poly[i, 0]) < (poly[j, 0] - poly[i, 0]) * (grid[..., 1] - poly[i, 1]) / (poly[j, 1] - poly[i, 1])
+        oddNodes = oddNodes ^ (cond1 | cond2) & cond3
+        j = i
+    # t1 = time.time()
+    # print(f'point in polygon time: {t1-t0}')
+    return oddNodes
+    
+def point_in_polygon_gpu(poly, grid):
+    num_points = poly.shape[0]
+    i = torch.arange(num_points)
+    j = (i - 1) % num_points
+    # Expand dimensions
+    # t0 = time.time()
+    poly_expanded = poly.unsqueeze(-1).unsqueeze(-1).expand(-1, -1, grid.shape[0], grid.shape[0])
+    # t1 = time.time()
+    cond1 = (poly_expanded[i, 1] < grid[..., 1]) & (poly_expanded[j, 1] >= grid[..., 1])
+    cond2 = (poly_expanded[j, 1] < grid[..., 1]) & (poly_expanded[i, 1] >= grid[..., 1])
+    cond3 = (grid[..., 0] - poly_expanded[i, 0]) < (poly_expanded[j, 0] - poly_expanded[i, 0]) * (grid[..., 1] - poly_expanded[i, 1]) / (poly_expanded[j, 1] - poly_expanded[i, 1])
+    # t2 = time.time()
+    oddNodes = torch.zeros_like(grid[..., 0], dtype=torch.bool)
+    cond = (cond1 | cond2) & cond3
+    # t3 = time.time()
+    # efficiently perform xor using gpu and avoiding cpu as much as possible
+    c = []
+    while len(cond) > 1: 
+        if len(cond) % 2 == 1: # odd number of elements
+            c.append(cond[-1])
+            cond = cond[:-1]
+        cond = torch.bitwise_xor(cond[:int(len(cond)/2)], cond[int(len(cond)/2):])
+    for c_ in c:
+        cond = torch.bitwise_xor(cond, c_)
+    oddNodes = cond
+    # t4 = time.time()
+    # for c in cond:
+    #     oddNodes = oddNodes ^ c
+    # print(f'expand time: {t1-t0} | cond123 time: {t2-t1} | cond logic time: {t3-t2} |  bitwise xor time: {t4-t3}')
+    # print(f'point in polygon time gpu: {t4-t0}')
+    # oddNodes = oddNodes ^ (cond1 | cond2) & cond3
+    return oddNodes
+
+
+def bitmap_for_polygon(poly, h, w):
+    y = torch.arange(h).to(poly.device).float()
+    x = torch.arange(w).to(poly.device).float()
+    grid_y, grid_x = torch.meshgrid(y, x)
+    grid = torch.stack((grid_x, grid_y), dim=-1)
+    bitmap = point_in_polygon(poly, grid)
+    return bitmap.unsqueeze(0)
+
+
+def corners_coords(center_xywh):
+    center_x, center_y, w, h = center_xywh
+    x = center_x - w/2
+    y = center_y - h/2
+    return torch.tensor([x, y, x+w, y+h])
+
+def corners_coords_batch(center_xywh):
+    center_x, center_y = center_xywh[:,0], center_xywh[:,1]
+    w, h = center_xywh[:,2], center_xywh[:,3]
+    x = center_x - w/2
+    y = center_y - h/2
+    return torch.stack([x, y, x+w, y+h], dim=1)
+    
+def normalize_batch(x):
+    """
+    Normalize a batch of tensors along each channel.
+    
+    Args:
+        x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, channels, height, width).
+        
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: Normalized tensor of the same shape as the input.
+    """
+    mins = torch.zeros((x.shape[0], *(1,)*len(x.shape[1:])), device=x.device)
+    maxs = torch.zeros((x.shape[0], *(1,)*len(x.shape[1:])), device=x.device)
+    for i in range(x.shape[0]):
+        mins[i] = x[i].min()
+        maxs[i] = x[i].max()
+    x_ = (x - mins) / (maxs - mins)
+    
+    return x_
+
+def get_detections(model_clone, img):
+    """
+    Get detections from a model given an input image and targets.
+
+    Args:
+        model (nn.Module): The model to use for detection.
+        img (torch.Tensor): The input image tensor.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: The detected bounding boxes.
+    """
+    model_clone.eval() # Set model to evaluation mode
+    # Run inference
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        det_out, out = model_clone(img)
+    
+    # model_.train()
+    del img 
+    
+    return det_out, out
+
+def get_labels(det_out, imgs, targets, opt):
+    ###################### Get predicted labels ###################### 
+    nb, _, height, width = imgs.shape  # batch size, channels, height, width 
+    targets_ = targets.clone() 
+    targets_[:, 2:] = targets_[:, 2:] * torch.Tensor([width, height, width, height]).to(imgs.device)  # to pixels
+    lb = [targets_[targets_[:, 0] == i, 1:] for i in range(nb)] if opt.save_hybrid else []  # for autolabelling
+    o = non_max_suppression(det_out, conf_thres=0.001, iou_thres=0.6, labels=lb, multi_label=True)
+    pred_labels = [] 
+    for si, pred in enumerate(o):
+        labels = targets_[targets_[:, 0] == si, 1:]
+        nl = len(labels) 
+        predn = pred.clone()
+        # Get the indices that sort the values in column 5 in ascending order
+        sort_indices = torch.argsort(pred[:, 4], dim=0, descending=True)
+        # Apply the sorting indices to the tensor
+        sorted_pred = predn[sort_indices]
+        # Remove predictions with less than 0.1 confidence
+        n_conf = int(torch.sum(sorted_pred[:,4]>0.1)) + 1
+        sorted_pred = sorted_pred[:n_conf]
+        new_col = torch.ones((sorted_pred.shape[0], 1), device=imgs.device) * si
+        preds = torch.cat((new_col, sorted_pred[:, [5, 0, 1, 2, 3]]), dim=1)
+        preds[:, 2:] = xyxy2xywh(preds[:, 2:])  # xywh
+        gn = torch.tensor([width, height])[[1, 0, 1, 0]]  # normalization gain whwh
+        preds[:, 2:] /= gn.to(imgs.device)  # from pixels
+        pred_labels.append(preds)
+    pred_labels = torch.cat(pred_labels, 0).to(imgs.device)
+    
+    return pred_labels
+    ##################################################################
+
+from torchvision.utils import make_grid
+
+def get_center_coords(attr):
+    img_tensor = img_tensor / img_tensor.max()
+
+    # Define a brightness threshold
+    threshold = 0.95
+
+    # Create a binary mask of the bright pixels
+    mask = img_tensor > threshold
+
+    # Get the coordinates of the bright pixels
+    y_coords, x_coords = torch.where(mask)
+
+    # Calculate the centroid of the bright pixels
+    centroid_x = x_coords.float().mean().item()
+    centroid_y = y_coords.float().mean().item()
+
+    print(f'The central bright point is at ({centroid_x}, {centroid_y})')
+    
+    return
+
+
+def get_distance_grids(attr, targets, imgs=None, focus_coeff=0.5, debug=False):
+    """
+    Compute the distance grids from each pixel to the target coordinates.
+
+    Args:
+        attr (torch.Tensor): Attribution maps.
+        targets (torch.Tensor): Target coordinates.
+        focus_coeff (float, optional): Focus coefficient, smaller means more focused. Defaults to 0.5.
+        debug (bool, optional): Whether to visualize debug information. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: Distance grids.
+    """
+    
+    # Assign the height and width of the input tensor to variables
+    height, width = attr.shape[-1], attr.shape[-2]
+    
+    # attr = torch.abs(attr) # Take absolute values of gradients
+    # attr = normalize_batch(attr) # Normalize attribution maps per image in batch
+
+    # Create a grid of indices
+    xx, yy = torch.stack(torch.meshgrid(torch.arange(height), torch.arange(width))).to(attr.device)
+    idx_grid = torch.stack((xx, yy), dim=-1).float()
+    
+    # Expand the grid to match the batch size
+    idx_batch_grid = idx_grid.expand(attr.shape[0], -1, -1, -1)
+    
+    # Initialize a list to store the distance grids
+    dist_grids_ = [[]] * attr.shape[0]
+
+    # Loop over batches
+    for j in range(attr.shape[0]):
+        # Get the rows where the first column is the current unique value
+        rows = targets[targets[:, 0] == j]
+        
+        if len(rows) != 0: 
+            # Create a tensor for the target coordinates
+            xy = rows[:,2:4] # y, x
+            # Flip the x and y coordinates and scale them to the image size
+            xy[:, 0], xy[:, 1] = xy[:, 1] * width, xy[:, 0] * height # y, x to x, y
+            xy_center = xy.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(1)#.requires_grad_(True) 
+            
+            # Compute the Euclidean distance from each pixel to the target coordinates
+            dists = torch.norm(idx_batch_grid[j].expand(len(xy_center), -1, -1, -1) - xy_center, dim=-1)
+
+            # Pick the closest distance to any target for each pixel 
+            dist_grid_ = torch.min(dists, dim=0)[0].unsqueeze(0) 
+            dist_grid = torch.cat([dist_grid_, dist_grid_, dist_grid_], dim=0) if attr.shape[1] == 3 else dist_grid_
+        else:
+            # Set grid to zero if no targets are present
+            dist_grid = torch.zeros_like(attr[j])
+            
+        dist_grids_[j] = dist_grid
+    # Convert the list of distance grids to a tensor for faster computation
+    dist_grids = normalize_batch(torch.stack(dist_grids_)) ** focus_coeff
+    if torch.isnan(dist_grids).any():
+        dist_grids = torch.nan_to_num(dist_grids, nan=0.0)
+
+    if debug:
+        for i in range(len(dist_grids)):
+            if ((i % 8) == 0):
+                grid_show = torch.cat([dist_grids[i][:1], dist_grids[i][:1], dist_grids[i][:1]], dim=0)
+                imshow(grid_show, save_path='figs/dist_grids')
+                if imgs is None:
+                    imgs = torch.zeros_like(attr)
+                imshow(imgs[i], save_path='figs/im0')
+                img_overlay = (overlay_mask(imgs[i], dist_grids[i][0], alpha = 0.75))
+                imshow(img_overlay, save_path='figs/dist_grid_overlay')
+                weighted_attr = (dist_grids[i] * attr[i])
+                imshow(weighted_attr, save_path='figs/weighted_attr')
+                imshow(attr[i], save_path='figs/attr')
+
+    return dist_grids
+
+def attr_reg(attribution_map, distance_map):
+
+    # dist_attr = distance_map * attribution_map 
+    dist_attr = torch.mean(distance_map * attribution_map)#, dim=(1, 2, 3)) 
+    # del distance_map, attribution_map
+    return dist_attr
+
+def get_bbox_map(targets_out, attr, corners=False):
+    target_inds = targets_out[:, 0].int()
+    xyxy_batch = targets_out[:, 2:6]# * pre_gen_gains[out_num]
+    num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3], attr.shape[2], attr.shape[3]], device=attr.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    # num_pixels = torch.tile(torch.tensor([1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], device=imgs.device), (xyxy_batch.shape[0], 1))
+    xyxy_corners = (corners_coords_batch(xyxy_batch) * num_pixels).int()
+    co = xyxy_corners
+    if corners:
+        co = targets_out[:, 2:6].int()
+    coords_map = torch.zeros_like(attr, dtype=torch.bool)
+    # rows = np.arange(co.shape[0])
+    x1, x2 = co[:,1], co[:,3]
+    y1, y2 = co[:,0], co[:,2]
+    
+    for ic in range(co.shape[0]): # potential for speedup here with torch indexing instead of for loop
+        coords_map[target_inds[ic], :,x1[ic]:x2[ic],y1[ic]:y2[ic]] = True
+    
+    bbox_map = coords_map.to(torch.float32)
+
+    return bbox_map
+######################################## BCE #######################################
+def get_plaus_loss(targets, attribution_map, opt, imgs=None, debug=False, only_loss=False):
+    # if imgs is None:
+    #     imgs = torch.zeros_like(attribution_map)
+    # Calculate Plausibility IoU with attribution maps
+    # attribution_map.retains_grad = True
+    if not only_loss:
+        plaus_score = get_plaus_score(targets_out = targets, attr = attribution_map.clone().detach().requires_grad_(True), imgs = imgs)
+    else:
+        plaus_score = torch.tensor(0.0)
+    
+    # attribution_map = normalize_batch(attribution_map) # Normalize attribution maps per image in batch
+
+    # Calculate distance regularization
+    distance_map = get_distance_grids(attribution_map, targets, imgs, opt.focus_coeff)
+    # distance_map = torch.ones_like(attribution_map)
+    
+    if opt.dist_x_bbox:
+        bbox_map = get_bbox_map(targets, attribution_map).to(torch.bool)
+        distance_map[bbox_map] = 0.0
+        # distance_map = distance_map * (1 - bbox_map)
+
+    # Positive regularization term for incentivizing pixels near the target to have high attribution
+    dist_attr_pos = attr_reg(attribution_map, (1.0 - distance_map))
+    # Negative regularization term for incentivizing pixels far from the target to have low attribution
+    dist_attr_neg = attr_reg(attribution_map, distance_map)
+    # Calculate plausibility regularization term
+    # dist_reg = dist_attr_pos - dist_attr_neg
+    dist_reg = ((dist_attr_pos / torch.mean(attribution_map)) - (dist_attr_neg / torch.mean(attribution_map)))
+    # dist_reg = torch.mean((dist_attr_pos / torch.mean(attribution_map, dim=(1, 2, 3))) - (dist_attr_neg / torch.mean(attribution_map, dim=(1, 2, 3)))) 
+    # dist_reg = (torch.mean(torch.exp((dist_attr_pos / torch.mean(attribution_map, dim=(1, 2, 3)))) + \
+    #                             torch.exp(1 - (dist_attr_neg / torch.mean(attribution_map, dim=(1, 2, 3)))))) \
+    #                             / 2.5
+
+    if opt.bbox_coeff != 0.0:
+        bbox_map = get_bbox_map(targets, attribution_map)
+        attr_bbox_pos = attr_reg(attribution_map, bbox_map)
+        attr_bbox_neg = attr_reg(attribution_map, (1.0 - bbox_map))
+        bbox_reg = attr_bbox_pos - attr_bbox_neg
+        # bbox_reg = (attr_bbox_pos / torch.mean(attribution_map)) - (attr_bbox_neg / torch.mean(attribution_map))
+    else:
+        bbox_reg = 0.0
+
+    bbox_map = get_bbox_map(targets, attribution_map)
+    plaus_score = ((torch.sum((attribution_map * bbox_map))) / (torch.sum(attribution_map)))
+    # iou_loss = (1.0 - plaus_score)
+
+    if not opt.dist_reg_only:
+        dist_reg_loss = (((1.0 + dist_reg) / 2.0))
+        plaus_reg = (plaus_score * opt.iou_coeff) + \
+                    (((dist_reg_loss * opt.dist_coeff) + \
+                      (bbox_reg * opt.bbox_coeff))\
+                    # ((((((1.0 + dist_reg) / 2.0) - 1.0) * opt.dist_coeff) + ((((1.0 + bbox_reg) / 2.0) - 1.0) * opt.bbox_coeff))\
+                    # / (plaus_score) \
+                    )
+    else:
+        plaus_reg = (((1.0 + dist_reg) / 2.0))
+        # plaus_reg = dist_reg 
+    # Calculate plausibility loss
+    plaus_loss = (1 - plaus_reg) * opt.pgt_coeff
+    # plaus_loss = (plaus_reg) * opt.pgt_coeff
+    if only_loss:
+        return plaus_loss
+    if not debug:
+        return plaus_loss, (plaus_score, dist_reg, plaus_reg,)
+    else:
+        return plaus_loss, (plaus_score, dist_reg, plaus_reg,), distance_map
+
+####################################################################################
+#### ALL FUNCTIONS BELOW ARE DEPRECIATED AND WILL BE REMOVED IN FUTURE VERSIONS ####
+####################################################################################
+
+def generate_vanilla_grad(model, input_tensor, loss_func = None, 
+                          targets_list=None, targets=None, metric=None, out_num = 1, 
+                          n_max_labels=3, norm=True, abs=True, grayscale=True, 
+                          class_specific_attr = True, device='cpu'):    
+    """
+    Generate vanilla gradients for the given model and input tensor.
+
+    Args:
+        model (nn.Module): The model to generate gradients for.
+        input_tensor (torch.Tensor): The input tensor for which gradients are computed.
+        loss_func (callable, optional): The loss function to compute gradients with respect to. Defaults to None.
+        targets_list (list, optional): The list of target tensors. Defaults to None.
+        metric (callable, optional): The metric function to evaluate the loss. Defaults to None.
+        out_num (int, optional): The index of the output tensor to compute gradients with respect to. Defaults to 1.
+        n_max_labels (int, optional): The maximum number of labels to consider. Defaults to 3.
+        norm (bool, optional): Whether to normalize the attribution map. Defaults to True.
+        abs (bool, optional): Whether to take the absolute values of gradients. Defaults to True.
+        grayscale (bool, optional): Whether to convert the attribution map to grayscale. Defaults to True.
+        class_specific_attr (bool, optional): Whether to compute class-specific attribution maps. Defaults to True.
+        device (str, optional): The device to use for computation. Defaults to 'cpu'.
+    
+    Returns:
+        torch.Tensor: The generated vanilla gradients.
+    """
+    # Set model.train() at the beginning and revert back to original mode (model.eval() or model.train()) at the end
+    train_mode = model.training
+    if not train_mode:
+        model.train()
+    
+    input_tensor.requires_grad = True # Set requires_grad attribute of tensor. Important for computing gradients
+    model.zero_grad() # Zero gradients
+    inpt = input_tensor
+    # Forward pass
+    train_out = model(inpt) # training outputs (no inference outputs in train mode)
+    
+    # train_out[1] = torch.Size([4, 3, 80, 80, 7]) HxWx(#anchorxC) cls (class probabilities)
+    # train_out[0] = torch.Size([4, 3, 160, 160, 7]) HxWx(#anchorx4) box or reg (location and scaling)
+    # train_out[2] = torch.Size([4, 3, 40, 40, 7]) HxWx(#anchorx1) obj (objectness score or confidence)
+    
+    if class_specific_attr:
+        n_attr_list, index_classes = [], []
+        for i in range(len(input_tensor)):
+            if len(targets_list[i]) > n_max_labels:
+                targets_list[i] = targets_list[i][:n_max_labels]
+            if targets_list[i].numel() != 0:
+                # unique_classes = torch.unique(targets_list[i][:,1])
+                class_numbers = targets_list[i][:,1]
+                index_classes.append([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, int(uc)] for uc in class_numbers])
+                num_attrs = len(targets_list[i])
+                # index_classes.append([0, 1, 2, 3, 4] + [int(uc + 5) for uc in unique_classes])
+                # num_attrs = 1 #len(unique_classes)# if loss_func else len(targets_list[i])
+                n_attr_list.append(num_attrs)
+            else:
+                index_classes.append([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+                n_attr_list.append(0)
+    
+        targets_list_filled = [targ.clone().detach() for targ in targets_list]
+        labels_len = [len(targets_list[ih]) for ih in range(len(targets_list))]
+        max_labels = np.max(labels_len)
+        max_index = np.argmax(labels_len)
+        for i in range(len(targets_list)):
+            # targets_list_filled[i] = targets_list[i]
+            if len(targets_list_filled[i]) < max_labels:
+                tlist = [targets_list_filled[i]] * math.ceil(max_labels / len(targets_list_filled[i]))
+                targets_list_filled[i] = torch.cat(tlist)[:max_labels].unsqueeze(0)
+            else:
+                targets_list_filled[i] = targets_list_filled[i].unsqueeze(0)
+        for i in range(len(targets_list_filled)-1,-1,-1):
+            if targets_list_filled[i].numel() == 0:
+                targets_list_filled.pop(i)
+        targets_list_filled = torch.cat(targets_list_filled)
+    
+    n_img_attrs = len(input_tensor) if class_specific_attr else 1
+    n_img_attrs = 1 if loss_func else n_img_attrs
+    
+    attrs_batch = []
+    for i_batch in range(n_img_attrs):
+        if loss_func and class_specific_attr:
+            i_batch = max_index
+        # inpt = input_tensor[i_batch].unsqueeze(0)
+        # ##################################################################
+        # model.zero_grad() # Zero gradients
+        # train_out = model(inpt)  # training outputs (no inference outputs in train mode)
+        # ##################################################################
+        n_label_attrs = n_attr_list[i_batch] if class_specific_attr else 1
+        n_label_attrs = 1 if not class_specific_attr else n_label_attrs
+        attrs_img = []
+        for i_attr in range(n_label_attrs):
+            if loss_func is None:
+                grad_wrt = train_out[out_num]
+                if class_specific_attr:
+                    grad_wrt = train_out[out_num][:,:,:,:,index_classes[i_batch][i_attr]]
+                grad_wrt_outputs = torch.ones_like(grad_wrt)
+            else:
+                # if class_specific_attr:
+                #     targets = targets_list[:][i_attr]
+                # n_targets = len(targets_list[i_batch])
+                if class_specific_attr:
+                    target_indiv = targets_list_filled[:,i_attr] # batch image input
+                else:
+                    target_indiv = targets
+                # target_indiv = targets_list[i_batch][i_attr].unsqueeze(0) # single image input
+                # target_indiv[:,0] = 0 # this indicates the batch index of the target, should be 0 since we are only doing one image at a time
+                    
+                try:
+                    loss, loss_items = loss_func(train_out, target_indiv, inpt, metric=metric)  # loss scaled by batch_size
+                except:
+                    target_indiv = target_indiv.to(device)
+                    inpt = inpt.to(device)
+                    for tro in train_out:
+                        tro = tro.to(device)
+                    print("Error in loss function, trying again with device specified")
+                    loss, loss_items = loss_func(train_out, target_indiv, inpt, metric=metric)
+                grad_wrt = loss
+                grad_wrt_outputs = None
+            
+            model.zero_grad() # Zero gradients
+            gradients = torch.autograd.grad(grad_wrt, inpt, 
+                                                grad_outputs=grad_wrt_outputs, 
+                                                retain_graph=True, 
+                                                # create_graph=True, # Create graph to allow for higher order derivatives but slows down computation significantly
+                                                )
+
+            # Convert gradients to numpy array and back to ensure full separation from graph
+            # attribution_map = torch.tensor(torch.sum(gradients[0], 1, keepdim=True).clone().detach().cpu().numpy())
+            attribution_map = gradients[0]#.clone().detach() # without converting to numpy
+            
+            if grayscale: # Convert to grayscale, saves vram and computation time for plaus_eval
+                attribution_map = torch.sum(attribution_map, 1, keepdim=True)
+            if abs:
+                attribution_map = torch.abs(attribution_map) # Take absolute values of gradients
+            if norm:
+                attribution_map = normalize_batch(attribution_map) # Normalize attribution maps per image in batch
+            attrs_img.append(attribution_map)
+        if len(attrs_img) == 0:
+            attrs_batch.append((torch.zeros_like(inpt).unsqueeze(0)).to(device))
+        else:
+            attrs_batch.append(torch.stack(attrs_img).to(device))
+
+    # out_attr = torch.tensor(attribution_map).unsqueeze(0).to(device) if ((loss_func) or (not class_specific_attr)) else torch.stack(attrs_batch).to(device)
+    # out_attr = [attrs_batch[0]] * len(input_tensor) if ((loss_func) or (not class_specific_attr)) else attrs_batch
+    out_attr = attrs_batch
+    # Set model back to original mode
+    if not train_mode:
+        model.eval()
+    
+    return out_attr
+
+class RVNonLinearFunc(torch.nn.Module):
+    """
+    Custom Bayesian ReLU activation function for random variables.
+
+    Attributes:
+        None
+    """
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        super(RVNonLinearFunc, self).__init__()
+        self.func = func
+
+    def forward(self, mu_in, Sigma_in):
+        """
+        Forward pass of the Bayesian ReLU activation function.
+
+        Args:
+            mu_in (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape (batch_size, input_size),
+                representing the mean input to the ReLU activation function.
+            Sigma_in (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape (batch_size, input_size, input_size),
+                representing the covariance input to the ReLU activation function.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]: A tuple of two tensors,
+                including the mean of the output and the covariance of the output.
+        """
+        # Collect stats
+        batch_size = mu_in.size(0)
+       
+        # Mean
+        mu_out = self.func(mu_in)
+        
+        # Compute the derivative of the ReLU activation function with respect to the input mean
+        gradi = torch.autograd.grad(mu_out, mu_in, grad_outputs=torch.ones_like(mu_out), create_graph=True)[0].view(batch_size,-1)
+
+        # add an extra dimension to gradi at position 2 and 1
+        grad1 = gradi.unsqueeze(dim=2)
+        grad2 = gradi.unsqueeze(dim=1)
+       
+        # compute the outer product of grad1 and grad2
+        outer_product = torch.bmm(grad1, grad2)
+       
+        # element-wise multiply Sigma_in with the outer product
+        # and return the result
+        Sigma_out = torch.mul(Sigma_in, outer_product)
+
+        return mu_out, Sigma_out
+

ultralytics/utils/plot_functs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+
+class Subplots:
+    def __init__(self, figsize = (40, 5)):
+        self.fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
+        
+    def plot_img_list(self, img_list, savedir='figs/test', 
+                    nrows = 1, rownum = 0, 
+                    hold = False, coltitles=[], rowtitle=''):
+        
+        for i, img in enumerate(img_list):
+            try:
+                npimg = img.clone().detach().cpu().numpy()
+            except:
+                npimg = img
+            tpimg = np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0))
+            lenrow = int((len(img_list)))
+            ax = self.fig.add_subplot(nrows, lenrow, i+1+(rownum*lenrow))
+            if len(coltitles) > i:
+                ax.set_title(coltitles[i])
+            if i == 0:
+                ax.annotate(rowtitle, xy=((-0.06 * len(rowtitle)), 0.4),# xytext=(-ax.yaxis.labelpad - pad, 0),
+                xycoords='axes fraction', textcoords='offset points',
+                size='large', ha='center', va='baseline')
+                # ax.set_ylabel(rowtitle, rotation=90)
+            ax.imshow(tpimg)
+            ax.axis('off')
+
+        if not hold:
+            self.fig.tight_layout()
+            plt.savefig(f'{savedir}.png')
+            plt.clf()
+            plt.close('all')
+            
+                    
+def VisualizeNumpyImageGrayscale(image_3d):
+    r"""Returns a 3D tensor as a grayscale normalized between 0 and 1 2D tensor.
+    """
+    vmin = np.min(image_3d)
+    image_2d = image_3d - vmin
+    vmax = np.max(image_2d)
+    return (image_2d / vmax)
+
+def normalize_numpy(image_3d):
+    r"""Returns a 3D tensor as a grayscale normalized between 0 and 1 2D tensor.
+    """
+    vmin = np.min(image_3d)
+    image_2d = image_3d - vmin
+    vmax = np.max(image_2d)
+    return (image_2d / vmax)
+
+# def normalize_tensor(image_3d): 
+#     r"""Returns a 3D tensor as a grayscale normalized between 0 and 1 2D tensor.
+#     """
+#     vmin = torch.min(image_3d)
+#     image_2d = image_3d - vmin
+#     vmax = torch.max(image_2d)
+#     return (image_2d / vmax)
+
+def normalize_tensor(image_3d): 
+    r"""Returns a 3D tensor as a grayscale normalized between 0 and 1 2D tensor.
+    """
+    image_2d = (image_3d - torch.min(image_3d))
+    return (image_2d / torch.max(image_2d))
+
+def format_img(img_):
+    np_img = img_.numpy()
+    tp_img = np.transpose(np_img, (1, 2, 0))
+    return tp_img
+
+def imshow(img, save_path=None):
+    try:
+        npimg = img.clone().detach().cpu().numpy()
+    except:
+        npimg = img
+    tpimg = np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0))
+    plt.imshow(tpimg)
+    # plt.axis('off')
+    plt.tight_layout()
+    if save_path != None:
+        plt.savefig(str(str(save_path) + ".png"))
+    #plt.show()a
+
+def imshow_img(img, imsave_path):
+    # works for tensors and numpy arrays
+    try:
+        npimg = VisualizeNumpyImageGrayscale(img.numpy())
+    except:
+        npimg = VisualizeNumpyImageGrayscale(img)
+    npimg = np.transpose(npimg, (2, 0, 1))
+    imshow(npimg, save_path=imsave_path)
+    print("Saving image as ", imsave_path)
+    
+def returnGrad(img, labels, model, compute_loss, loss_metric, augment=None, device = 'cpu'):
+    model.train()
+    model.to(device)
+    img = img.to(device)
+    img.requires_grad_(True)
+    labels.to(device).requires_grad_(True)
+    model.requires_grad_(True)
+    cuda = device.type != 'cpu'
+    scaler = amp.GradScaler(enabled=cuda)
+    pred = model(img)
+    # out, train_out = model(img, augment=augment)  # inference and training outputs
+    loss, loss_items = compute_loss(pred, labels, metric=loss_metric)#[1][:3]  # box, obj, cls
+    # loss = criterion(pred, torch.tensor([int(torch.max(pred[0], 0)[1])]).to(device))
+    # loss = torch.sum(loss).requires_grad_(True)
+    
+    with torch.autograd.set_detect_anomaly(True):
+        scaler.scale(loss).backward(inputs=img)
+    # loss.backward()
+    
+#    S_c = torch.max(pred[0].data, 0)[0]
+    Sc_dx = img.grad
+    model.eval()
+    Sc_dx = torch.tensor(Sc_dx, dtype=torch.float32)
+    return Sc_dx
+
+def calculate_snr(img, attr, dB=True):
+    try:
+        img_np = img.detach().cpu().numpy()
+        attr_np = attr.detach().cpu().numpy()
+    except:
+        img_np = img
+        attr_np = attr
+    
+    # Calculate the signal power
+    signal_power = np.mean(img_np**2)
+
+    # Calculate the noise power
+    noise_power = np.mean(attr_np**2)
+
+    if dB == True:
+        # Calculate SNR in dB
+        snr = 10 * np.log10(signal_power / noise_power)
+    else:
+        # Calculate SNR
+        snr = signal_power / noise_power
+
+    return snr
+
+def overlay_mask(img, mask, colormap: str = "jet", alpha: float = 0.7):
+    
+    cmap = plt.get_cmap(colormap)
+    npmask = np.array(mask.clone().detach().cpu().squeeze(0))
+    # cmpmask = ((255 * cmap(npmask)[:, :, :3]).astype(np.uint8)).transpose((2, 0, 1))
+    cmpmask = (cmap(npmask)[:, :, :3]).transpose((2, 0, 1))
+    overlayed_imgnp = ((alpha * (np.asarray(img.clone().detach().cpu())) + (1 - alpha) * cmpmask))
+    overlayed_tensor = torch.tensor(overlayed_imgnp, device=img.device)
+    
+    return overlayed_tensor

ultralytics/utils/plotting.py

@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ def plot_images(
 ):
     """Plot image grid with labels."""
     if isinstance(images, torch.Tensor):
-        images = images.cpu().float().numpy()
+        images = images.detach().cpu().float().numpy()
     if isinstance(cls, torch.Tensor):
         cls = cls.cpu().numpy()
     if isinstance(bboxes, torch.Tensor):