# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
"""
Benchmark a YOLO model formats for speed and accuracy.
Usage:
from ultralytics.utils.benchmarks import ProfileModels, benchmark
ProfileModels(['yolov8n.yaml', 'yolov8s.yaml']).profile()
benchmark(model='yolov8n.pt', imgsz=160)
Format | `format=argument` | Model
--- | --- | ---
PyTorch | - | yolov8n.pt
TorchScript | `torchscript` | yolov8n.torchscript
ONNX | `onnx` | yolov8n.onnx
OpenVINO | `openvino` | yolov8n_openvino_model/
TensorRT | `engine` | yolov8n.engine
CoreML | `coreml` | yolov8n.mlpackage
TensorFlow SavedModel | `saved_model` | yolov8n_saved_model/
TensorFlow GraphDef | `pb` | yolov8n.pb
TensorFlow Lite | `tflite` | yolov8n.tflite
TensorFlow Edge TPU | `edgetpu` | yolov8n_edgetpu.tflite
TensorFlow.js | `tfjs` | yolov8n_web_model/
PaddlePaddle | `paddle` | yolov8n_paddle_model/
ncnn | `ncnn` | yolov8n_ncnn_model/
"""
import glob
import platform
import sys
import time
from pathlib import Path
import numpy as np
import torch.cuda
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.cfg import TASK2DATA, TASK2METRIC
from ultralytics.engine.exporter import export_formats
from ultralytics.utils import ASSETS, LINUX, LOGGER, MACOS, TQDM, WEIGHTS_DIR
from ultralytics.utils.checks import check_requirements, check_yolo
from ultralytics.utils.files import file_size
from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import select_device
def benchmark(model=WEIGHTS_DIR / 'yolov8n.pt',
data=None,
imgsz=160,
half=False,
int8=False,
device='cpu',
verbose=False):
"""
Benchmark a YOLO model across different formats for speed and accuracy.
Args:
model (str | Path | optional): Path to the model file or directory. Default is
Path(SETTINGS['weights_dir']) / 'yolov8n.pt'.
data (str, optional): Dataset to evaluate on, inherited from TASK2DATA if not passed. Default is None.
imgsz (int, optional): Image size for the benchmark. Default is 160.
half (bool, optional): Use half-precision for the model if True. Default is False.
int8 (bool, optional): Use int8-precision for the model if True. Default is False.
device (str, optional): Device to run the benchmark on, either 'cpu' or 'cuda'. Default is 'cpu'.
verbose (bool | float | optional): If True or a float, assert benchmarks pass with given metric.
Default is False.
Returns:
df (pandas.DataFrame): A pandas DataFrame with benchmark results for each format, including file size,
metric, and inference time.
Example:
```python
from ultralytics.utils.benchmarks import benchmark
benchmark(model='yolov8n.pt', imgsz=640)
```
"""
import pandas as pd
pd.options.display.max_columns = 10
pd.options.display.width = 120
device = select_device(device, verbose=False)
if isinstance(model, (str, Path)):
model = YOLO(model)
y = []
t0 = time.time()
for i, (name, format, suffix, cpu, gpu) in export_formats().iterrows(): # index, (name, format, suffix, CPU, GPU)
emoji, filename = '❌', None # export defaults
try:
assert i != 9 or LINUX, 'Edge TPU export only supported on Linux'
if i == 10:
assert MACOS or LINUX, 'TF.js export only supported on macOS and Linux'
elif i == 11:
assert sys.version_info < (3, 11), 'PaddlePaddle export only supported on Python<=3.10'
if 'cpu' in device.type:
assert cpu, 'inference not supported on CPU'
if 'cuda' in device.type:
assert gpu, 'inference not supported on GPU'
# Export
if format == '-':
filename = model.ckpt_path or model.cfg
exported_model = model # PyTorch format
else:
filename = model.export(imgsz=imgsz, format=format, half=half, int8=int8, device=device, verbose=False)
exported_model = YOLO(filename, task=model.task)
assert suffix in str(filename), 'export failed'
emoji = '❎' # indicates export succeeded
# Predict
assert model.task != 'pose' or i != 7, 'GraphDef Pose inference is not supported'
assert i not in (9, 10), 'inference not supported' # Edge TPU and TF.js are unsupported
assert i != 5 or platform.system() == 'Darwin', 'inference only supported on macOS>=10.13' # CoreML
exported_model.predict(ASSETS / 'bus.jpg', imgsz=imgsz, device=device, half=half)
# Validate
data = data or TASK2DATA[model.task] # task to dataset, i.e. coco8.yaml for task=detect
key = TASK2METRIC[model.task] # task to metric, i.e. metrics/mAP50-95(B) for task=detect
results = exported_model.val(data=data,
batch=1,
imgsz=imgsz,
plots=False,
device=device,
half=half,
int8=int8,
verbose=False)
metric, speed = results.results_dict[key], results.speed['inference']
y.append([name, '✅', round(file_size(filename), 1), round(metric, 4), round(speed, 2)])
except Exception as e:
if verbose:
assert type(e) is AssertionError, f'Benchmark failure for {name}: {e}'
LOGGER.warning(f'ERROR ❌️ Benchmark failure for {name}: {e}')
y.append([name, emoji, round(file_size(filename), 1), None, None]) # mAP, t_inference
# Print results
check_yolo(device=device) # print system info
df = pd.DataFrame(y, columns=['Format', 'Status❔', 'Size (MB)', key, 'Inference time (ms/im)'])
name = Path(model.ckpt_path).name
s = f'\nBenchmarks complete for {name} on {data} at imgsz={imgsz} ({time.time() - t0:.2f}s)\n{df}\n'
LOGGER.info(s)
with open('benchmarks.log', 'a', errors='ignore', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(s)
if verbose and isinstance(verbose, float):
metrics = df[key].array # values to compare to floor
floor = verbose # minimum metric floor to pass, i.e. = 0.29 mAP for YOLOv5n
assert all(x > floor for x in metrics if pd.notna(x)), f'Benchmark failure: metric(s) < floor {floor}'
return df
class ProfileModels:
"""
ProfileModels class for profiling different models on ONNX and TensorRT.
This class profiles the performance of different models, provided their paths. The profiling includes parameters such as
model speed and FLOPs.
Attributes:
paths (list): Paths of the models to profile.
num_timed_runs (int): Number of timed runs for the profiling. Default is 100.
num_warmup_runs (int): Number of warmup runs before profiling. Default is 10.
min_time (float): Minimum number of seconds to profile for. Default is 60.
imgsz (int): Image size used in the models. Default is 640.
Methods:
profile(): Profiles the models and prints the result.
Example:
```python
from ultralytics.utils.benchmarks import ProfileModels
ProfileModels(['yolov8n.yaml', 'yolov8s.yaml'], imgsz=640).profile()
```
"""
def __init__(self,
paths: list,
num_timed_runs=100,
num_warmup_runs=10,
min_time=60,
imgsz=640,
half=True,
trt=True,
device=None):
"""
Initialize the ProfileModels class for profiling models.
Args:
paths (list): List of paths of the models to be profiled.
num_timed_runs (int, optional): Number of timed runs for the profiling. Default is 100.
num_warmup_runs (int, optional): Number of warmup runs before the actual profiling starts. Default is 10.
min_time (float, optional): Minimum time in seconds for profiling a model. Default is 60.
imgsz (int, optional): Size of the image used during profiling. Default is 640.
half (bool, optional): Flag to indicate whether to use half-precision floating point for profiling. Default is True.
trt (bool, optional): Flag to indicate whether to profile using TensorRT. Default is True.
device (torch.device, optional): Device used for profiling. If None, it is determined automatically. Default is None.
"""
self.paths = paths
self.num_timed_runs = num_timed_runs
self.num_warmup_runs = num_warmup_runs
self.min_time = min_time
self.imgsz = imgsz
self.half = half
self.trt = trt # run TensorRT profiling
self.device = device or torch.device(0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
def profile(self):
"""Logs the benchmarking results of a model, checks metrics against floor and returns the results."""
files = self.get_files()
if not files:
print('No matching *.pt or *.onnx files found.')
return
table_rows = []
output = []
for file in files:
engine_file = file.with_suffix('.engine')
if file.suffix in ('.pt', '.yaml', '.yml'):
model = YOLO(str(file))
model.fuse() # to report correct params and GFLOPs in model.info()
model_info = model.info()
if self.trt and self.device.type != 'cpu' and not engine_file.is_file():
engine_file = model.export(format='engine',
half=self.half,
imgsz=self.imgsz,
device=self.device,
verbose=False)
onnx_file = model.export(format='onnx',
half=self.half,
imgsz=self.imgsz,
simplify=True,
device=self.device,
verbose=False)
elif file.suffix == '.onnx':
model_info = self.get_onnx_model_info(file)
onnx_file = file
else:
continue
t_engine = self.profile_tensorrt_model(str(engine_file))
t_onnx = self.profile_onnx_model(str(onnx_file))
table_rows.append(self.generate_table_row(file.stem, t_onnx, t_engine, model_info))
output.append(self.generate_results_dict(file.stem, t_onnx, t_engine, model_info))
self.print_table(table_rows)
return output
def get_files(self):
"""Returns a list of paths for all relevant model files given by the user."""
files = []
for path in self.paths:
path = Path(path)
if path.is_dir():
extensions = ['*.pt', '*.onnx', '*.yaml']
files.extend([file for ext in extensions for file in glob.glob(str(path / ext))])
elif path.suffix in {'.pt', '.yaml', '.yml'}: # add non-existing
files.append(str(path))
else:
files.extend(glob.glob(str(path)))
print(f'Profiling: {sorted(files)}')
return [Path(file) for file in sorted(files)]
def get_onnx_model_info(self, onnx_file: str):
"""Retrieves the information including number of layers, parameters, gradients and FLOPs for an ONNX model
file.
"""
# return (num_layers, num_params, num_gradients, num_flops)
return 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
def iterative_sigma_clipping(self, data, sigma=2, max_iters=3):
"""Applies an iterative sigma clipping algorithm to the given data times number of iterations."""
data = np.array(data)
for _ in range(max_iters):
mean, std = np.mean(data), np.std(data)
clipped_data = data[(data > mean - sigma * std) & (data < mean + sigma * std)]
if len(clipped_data) == len(data):
break
data = clipped_data
return data
def profile_tensorrt_model(self, engine_file: str, eps: float = 1e-3):
"""Profiles the TensorRT model, measuring average run time and standard deviation among runs."""
if not self.trt or not Path(engine_file).is_file():
return 0.0, 0.0
# Model and input
model = YOLO(engine_file)
input_data = np.random.rand(self.imgsz, self.imgsz, 3).astype(np.float32) # must be FP32
# Warmup runs
elapsed = 0.0
for _ in range(3):
start_time = time.time()
for _ in range(self.num_warmup_runs):
model(input_data, imgsz=self.imgsz, verbose=False)
elapsed = time.time() - start_time
# Compute number of runs as higher of min_time or num_timed_runs
num_runs = max(round(self.min_time / (elapsed + eps) * self.num_warmup_runs), self.num_timed_runs * 50)
# Timed runs
run_times = []
for _ in TQDM(range(num_runs), desc=engine_file):
results = model(input_data, imgsz=self.imgsz, verbose=False)
run_times.append(results[0].speed['inference']) # Convert to milliseconds
run_times = self.iterative_sigma_clipping(np.array(run_times), sigma=2, max_iters=3) # sigma clipping
return np.mean(run_times), np.std(run_times)
def profile_onnx_model(self, onnx_file: str, eps: float = 1e-3):
"""Profiles an ONNX model by executing it multiple times and returns the mean and standard deviation of run
times.
"""
check_requirements('onnxruntime')
import onnxruntime as ort
# Session with either 'TensorrtExecutionProvider', 'CUDAExecutionProvider', 'CPUExecutionProvider'
sess_options = ort.SessionOptions()
sess_options.graph_optimization_level = ort.GraphOptimizationLevel.ORT_ENABLE_ALL
sess_options.intra_op_num_threads = 8 # Limit the number of threads
sess = ort.InferenceSession(onnx_file, sess_options, providers=['CPUExecutionProvider'])
input_tensor = sess.get_inputs()[0]
input_type = input_tensor.type
# Mapping ONNX datatype to numpy datatype
if 'float16' in input_type:
input_dtype = np.float16
elif 'float' in input_type:
input_dtype = np.float32
elif 'double' in input_type:
input_dtype = np.float64
elif 'int64' in input_type:
input_dtype = np.int64
elif 'int32' in input_type:
input_dtype = np.int32
else:
raise ValueError(f'Unsupported ONNX datatype {input_type}')
input_data = np.random.rand(*input_tensor.shape).astype(input_dtype)
input_name = input_tensor.name
output_name = sess.get_outputs()[0].name
# Warmup runs
elapsed = 0.0
for _ in range(3):
start_time = time.time()
for _ in range(self.num_warmup_runs):
sess.run([output_name], {input_name: input_data})
elapsed = time.time() - start_time
# Compute number of runs as higher of min_time or num_timed_runs
num_runs = max(round(self.min_time / (elapsed + eps) * self.num_warmup_runs), self.num_timed_runs)
# Timed runs
run_times = []
for _ in TQDM(range(num_runs), desc=onnx_file):
start_time = time.time()
sess.run([output_name], {input_name: input_data})
run_times.append((time.time() - start_time) * 1000) # Convert to milliseconds
run_times = self.iterative_sigma_clipping(np.array(run_times), sigma=2, max_iters=5) # sigma clipping
return np.mean(run_times), np.std(run_times)
def generate_table_row(self, model_name, t_onnx, t_engine, model_info):
"""Generates a formatted string for a table row that includes model performance and metric details."""
layers, params, gradients, flops = model_info
return f'| {model_name:18s} | {self.imgsz} | - | {t_onnx[0]:.2f} ± {t_onnx[1]:.2f} ms | {t_engine[0]:.2f} ± {t_engine[1]:.2f} ms | {params / 1e6:.1f} | {flops:.1f} |'
def generate_results_dict(self, model_name, t_onnx, t_engine, model_info):
"""Generates a dictionary of model details including name, parameters, GFLOPS and speed metrics."""
layers, params, gradients, flops = model_info
return {
'model/name': model_name,
'model/parameters': params,
'model/GFLOPs': round(flops, 3),
'model/speed_ONNX(ms)': round(t_onnx[0], 3),
'model/speed_TensorRT(ms)': round(t_engine[0], 3)}
def print_table(self, table_rows):
"""Formats and prints a comparison table for different models with given statistics and performance data."""
gpu = torch.cuda.get_device_name(0) if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'GPU'
header = f'| Model | size<br><sup>(pixels) | mAP<sup>val<br>50-95 | Speed<br><sup>CPU ONNX<br>(ms) | Speed<br><sup>{gpu} TensorRT<br>(ms) | params<br><sup>(M) | FLOPs<br><sup>(B) |'
separator = '|-------------|---------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------|-----------------|'
print(f'\n\n{header}')
print(separator)
for row in table_rows:
print(row)